Building Information Modelling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Building Information Modelling - Essay Example This development has particularly been important in the engineering field in which some stakeholders develop models and different stakeholders who interpret the developed models simulate their properties undertake the constructions for achieving reality. Ensuring ease and success of such simulations has further prompted the need for standardization in modeling and communication of developed models in engineering. Of particular interest to the scope of application of information technology in engineering and modeling is the concept of Building Information Modelling that defines establishment and management of digital models of physical and operational features of a facility. The concept has been approved for its advantages and is being advocated for among government contractors. It has at the same time, though increasingly being adopted by many players, raised mixed reactions over its effectiveness and effects on business and clients. I, in this paper, explore the statement that †˜the introduction of Building Information Modelling (BIM) into the construction industry has the potential to change or influence the way project managers work in the future.’ In exploring this statement, I identify the significance of IBM to project managers’ approach to work. ... The different role is attributable to the project manager and the roles vary with different stages of a project and different scopes that a project may adopt. One of the identifiable roles of the project manager is the development of project proposals. This may be achieved together with other stakeholders to a project such as a project’s principal. This role includes the development of a project’s scope and determination of economic necessities for implementing the project and facilitates an understanding of the project. The project manager also plays a significant role in initiating a project, a role in which the manager identifies necessary personnel, ensures availability of the personnel, and mobilizes them towards implementing the subject project. The role also includes identification of necessary skills for the project, goals to be achieved in the project, and interests and motivational factors of the member of the project team (Hopper 2012, p. 18). In cases where project goals are developed by other parties and communicated to the project team, the project manager approves the objectives before they can be incorporated and communicated to the team. Placing an order for required resources in a project also forms part of a project manager’s role (Acs, p. 1). Other roles of the project manager include evaluation of potential risks to a project and establishment of control measures against identified risks and establishing minimum operating costs and making sure that operations adhere to the stipulated costs.

Rachel Carson and the Fight Against Indiscriminate Pesticide Use Essay Example for Free

Rachel Carson and the Fight Against Indiscriminate Pesticide Use Essay In her 1962 book, Silent Spring, Rachel Carson details the dangers of indiscriminate pesticide use, which had â€Å"already silenced the voice of spring in countless towns in America† (Carson (1962) page 3). ‘Miss Carson,’ as many of her detractors referred to her, received ridicule from academics, industry leaders and professional journals for over a decade. Years after her death, conservative and libertarian groups such as the Cato Institute, American Enterprise Institute and the Competitive Enterprise Institute attacked her and the apparent successes for environmentalism in the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency and the ban of DDT to provide an example of a ‘failed’ government program. Rachel Carson revealed the dangers imposed by indiscriminate pesticide use in her 1962 book, Silent Spring. Although Carson used DDT as her focus, the chemical was an example of the numerous synthesized pesticides employed in many aspects of mankind’s daily lives. As a biologist with the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Carson was alerted to the â€Å"numerous case reports of damage to birds and fish after DDT application† and believed that â€Å"because DDT was so effective, it unbalanced ecosystems† (Oreskes (2010) page 219). Carson expanded her research and eventually published her revealing book to alert the public and bring an end to indiscriminate use. The book made numerous claims against pesticides, illustrated the destruction caused by prior use and warned of a future in which â€Å"over increasingly large areas†¦ spring comes unheralded by the return of the birds, and the early mornings are strangely silent where once they were filled with the beauty of bird song† (Carson (1962) page 88). These â€Å"elixers of death,† she warned, are less insecticides as they are â€Å"biocides† (Carson (1962) pages 15, 8), infiltrating water supplies, food supplies and organisms from the bald eagle to man. â€Å"If [Silent Spring] stimulated the public to press for unwise and ill-conceived restrictions on the production, use or development of new chemicals, it will be the consumer who suffers.† Dr. William Darby, 1962 Heralded as one of the most influential books in the environmental movement, Carson’s writing was less scientific and more thought provoking. Her often-extreme word choices and diction provided a sense of urgency for some, but drew many detractors. Doctor William Darby, a Professor of Biochemistry at Vanderbilt University, reviewed Silent Spring shortly after its publishing. According to Darby, the â€Å"dramatic description[s]† were simply a ploy to mask other scientific findings are mislead the public (Darby (1962)). Darby accused Carson of â€Å"name-drops by quoting or referring to renowned scientists out of context†¦ [leading] the reader to conclude that the authority mentioned is in accord with the author’s position† (Darby (1962)). To further refute her claims, Darby refers to her as â€Å"Miss Carson† throughout his essay. This treatment of certainly harmed, or was an attempt to harm, her credibility in the scientific field. He continues â€Å"her ignorance or biases on some of the considerations throw doubt on her competence to judge policy† (Darby (1962)). Darby stated that â€Å"if it stimulated the public to press for unwise and ill-conceived restrictions on the production, use or development of new chemicals, it will be the consumer who suffers.† Here was an academic, in the field of biochemistry, blatantly denouncing Carson and her conclusions. In The Chemicals Around Us, a viewpoint published in Chemical Weekly in July 1962, Carson was referred to as a â€Å"crank† and that her writing style was more indicative of â€Å"a lawyer preparing a brief† (Chemical Weekly (1962)). Obviously a somewhat biased publication, the article continued to claim that although â€Å"her facts are correct, her conclusions less certain, and her innuendos misleading†¦ such a public be damned attitude was outmoded some years ago and†¦ too many people are watching.† The phrase, â€Å"too many people are watching† referred to the chemical industry and pro-chemical government, implying that despite her efforts, they would fight back against such erroneous claims with ease. Carson’s detractors were not publishing this information against her for publicity, but were concerned. They were not concerned about the indiscriminate use of pesticides, but rather the ability of public outrage and the future of the chemicals industry. By attacking Carson’s conclusions and writing style, they could distract from the dangerous scientific findings. Facing harsh criticism, Carson’s urgent push for policy against indiscriminate pesticide use seemed to stall. When President Kennedy tasked the President’s Science Advisory Committee with investigating the claims, a new hope emerged. Although the committee did not back or deny Carson’s claims, they lay the burden of proof â€Å"on those who argued that persistent pesticides w ere safe† (Oreskes (2010) page 222). The paradigm shifted against the chemical industry. The findings established that the industry itself was tasked with proving the pesticides used were not a danger to human health or the environment, â€Å"explicitly invoking the standard of reasonable doubt,† rather than those against indiscriminate use proving pesticides were a danger (Oreskes (2010) pages 220-224). According to Naomi Oreskes and Erik Conway in their 2010 book, Merchants of Doubt, â€Å"the legal phrase reasonable doubt suggests that they were guided by existing legal frameworks†¦ to demonstrate the safety of their products,† and that â€Å"manufacturers had not demonstrated the safety of DDT, and reasonable people now had reason to doubt it† (Oreskes (2010) page 222). It took two more Presidential Administrations before President Nixon authorized the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency in 1970 and in 1972, the ban on the use of DDT in the United States. The environmental movement, the work done by Rachel Carson, the President’s Science Advisory Committee, numerous scientists and the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency and banning of DDT was often heralded as a true governmental policy success story. Not until the early 2000s did the evidence exist that DDT was in fact harmful to humans, and a dangerous carcinogen (Oreskes (2010) page 229). For three decades, the establishment of the EPA was used as an example to follow for the creation of new social, economic and environmental policies. As conservative and libertarian think tanks in the mid 1990s were facing new policies and government regulation conflicting with their ideals, a new strategy for combat emerged. By slandering Carson, â€Å"freemarketeers realized [they] could strengthen the argument against regulation in general. (Oreskes (2010) page 218). To argue against regulation, they would destroy the main example of successful policy and regulation: the establishment of the EPA and banning of DDT. In the late 1990s, groups such as the Cato Institute, American Enterprise Institute and the Competitive Enterprise Institute renewed the attacks on Rachel Carson and the â€Å"junk-science†Ã¢â‚¬â€scientific findings that could not be explained under the free-market system—that led to the ban of DDT in the United States. These think tanks, backed monetarily by Philip Morris and other corporation, â€Å"organized off-the record briefings [with members of Congress], wrote and placed op-ed pieces, and organized radio interviews† (Oreskes, (2010) page 234). The Heartland Institute, focused on â€Å"free-market solutions to social and economic problems†¦ insist[ed] that some one million†¦lives could be saved annually† in developing countries around the world through the use of DDT (Oreskes (2010) page 2 33). There were even claims that her â€Å"false alarm† about pesticides led to the death of millions, making her â€Å"worse than Hitler† (Oreskes (2010) page 217). By destroying Carson’s reputation at the expense of key facts and scientific findings, these groups were changing history. â€Å"Orwell understood that those in power will always seek to control history, because whoever controls the past controls the present† (Oreskes (2010) page 238). Conservative and Libertarian think tanks believed they could control history to derail the progress of regulatory authority in the United States. In the forward to Silent Spring, Carson quotes Albert Schweitzer, â€Å"Man has lost the capacity to foresee and to forestall, He will end by destroying the earth† (Carson (1962) Forward). According to Carson, â€Å"it took hundreds of millions of years for life to produce the life that now inhabits the earth†¦ [and] to adjust to these chemicals would require time on the scale that is nature’s, it would require not merely the years of a man’s life but he life of generations† (Carson (1962) page 7). Rachel Carson believed indiscriminate pesticide use and the continued development of synthetic chemicals would devastate our planet in a way that would require generations for the environment to reach equilibrium. E. B. White, an American essayist once wrote, â€Å"I am pessimistic about the human race because it is too ingenious for its own good. Our approach to nature is to beat it into submission. We would stand a better chance of survival is we accommodated ourselves to the planet and viewed it appreciatively instead of skeptically and dictatorially† (Carson (1962) Forward). By allowing the leaders of this nation to be manipulated by groups controlling history, we failed not only Rachel Carson, but ourselves, our environment and our future. Carson, Rachel. Silent Spring. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin Co, 1962. (Carson (1962)) â€Å"The Chemicals Around Us.† Viewpoint, Chemical Weekly. July 14, 1962: 5. (Chemical Weekly (1962)) Darby, William J. Text from Jukes, Thomas, 1962. â€Å"A Town in Harmony.† Chemical Engineering News (Aug 18): 5. (Darby (1962)) Oreskes, Naomi, and Erik M. Conway. Chapter 7: Denial Rides Again. Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming. New York: Bloomsbury, 2010. (Oreskes (2010))

Hip Hop Culture Essay -- Rap Music Commercialization Essays Papers

Hip Hop Culture Since the early to mid 90’s, hip-hop has undergone changes that purists would consider degenerating to its culture. At the root of these changes is what has been called â€Å"commercial hip-hop". Commercial hip-hop has deteriorated what so many emcees in the 80’s tried to build- a culture of music, dance, creativity, and artistry that would give people not only something to bob their head to, but also an avenue to express themselves and deliver a positive message to their surroundings. What does the term â€Å"commercial† mean? It can take on various meanings, but in essence that term is used to label artists who have alienated parts of the hip-hop culture in their work. The High and Mighty, a duo from Philadelphia signed to Rawkus Records, summed up what commercial hip-hop is in their 1999 single release â€Å"The Meaning†. Mr. Eon says: â€Å"†¦they’re tryin’ to turn hip-hop to just plain rappin’/let the poppers pop/and the breakers break†¦Ã¢â‚¬  But the disenchantment with artists who don’t appreciate hip-hop as consisting of emceeing, breaking, graffiti art, beat boxing and dj-ing is not new. Underground artists, predominately hip-hop purists, have lashed out at biters and perpetrators for many years. For example, in 1989 3rd Bass released their first album, The Cactus Cee/D. Throughout the album, MC Serch and Prime Minister Pete Nice scold the commercialized booty shakers like MC Hammer for corrupting hip-hop, particularly on the track â€Å"The Gasface† they specifically call out Hammer for his antics. Inside the album jacket, Serch sums up hip-hop in ‘89: â€Å"There was a time when nothing was more important than the New York Rap Scene.† It’s dilluted, but not divided.† To hip-hop afficionados, Serch’s quote sounds like the equivalent to a Vietnam soldier’s letter home. Obviously, the group saw the possibility of the hip-hop culture being tainted. Another good example of a group combatting the increase in commercial hip-hop was The Boot Camp Clik, consisting of Buckshot, Helter Skelter, Cocoa Brovaz, OGC, Illa Noyz and The Representativz. The Clik’s slogan throughout the duration of their 1997 release Album for the People was: â€Å"Commercial rap get the gun clap†. A descendent of the early backpacker days, Buckshot has always been opposed to mainstream artists who sacrfice artistic integrity in the lure for more money. The underground hip-hop scene has e... ... ability to rock a crowd with sheer lyricism, explaining why you are doper than the other man, and having a Dj who could support you with dope beats were essentials in old school hip-hop and still are in the underground scene. Underground hip-hop is filled with groups such as The Pharcyde, The Roots, Jigmastas, and Jurassic 5 who use live instruments to not only enhance their lyrical talents, but also to give audiences a great show. All four of these groups are dedicated to preserving hip-hop culture. Emcees battle to prove they are iller, Djs do the same thing, and breakers, break dancers, poppers, whatever you want to call them, continue the tradition of mixing their dance art form of popping, locking and spinning using the music to help create different techniques. What has been great for the underground scene is its ability to sell more records now, and that is by and large due to the increase of smaller, independent record labels(see chapter 1). Labels such as Rawkus, Fondle ‘Em, Stones Throw, Goodvibe, ABB Records, and others can compete with majors like Bad Boy and Def Jam now because they are backed by people who have money and want to see hip-hop culture survive.

Personality Development Case Essay

Success in business and personal life is determined by one’s ability to communicate effectively with others. â€Å"Social intelligence,† or the ability to interact, converse, negotiate with, and persuade others, is the most highly paid and respected form of skill one can have, and this can be developed. Students participating in this program will experience a drastic transformation in terms of personality, communication skills, confidence level and the way of looking at life. The entire program is based on the concept of learning and acquiring skills most effectively when one is not under any pressure. The whole process of acquiring skills is like a game – entertaining and exciting. It is similar to the way a child learns to communicate and acquire skills, but with greater awareness. Basic Personality Development Workshop A wholistic workshop focused on the person’s appearance, social graces, and personality. This workshop will help the participants to project themselves in a corporate setting thru social graces and etiquette. Presence, Polish, and Power Workshop This workshop aims to help participants project a confident, professional and polished image. The Art of Business Dining This is a comprehensive session on everything one needs to know about fine dining: from use of basic tools to engaging in table talk. The objective of this course is to help the individual create a positive impression with others and enhance the image of the company he or she represents. Wellness in the Workplace This workshop was designed for leaders and persons who will eventually manage teams. Stress affects productivity and teamwork. It’s therefore important for a leader to address actual and potential stressors in the office and at home. Creating Lasting Connections This workshop serves as an introduction to the science of social intelligence – it will help you gain insights on human relations; how to better â€Å"read† people, situations and react accordingly. Key Topics * Personality Development * Confidence Building * Business Etiquette * Corporate Grooming * International Etiquette * Social Etiquette * Dining Etiquette / Table Manners * Gentlemen Etiquette * Ladies Etiquette * English Voice / Accent * Dress Code * Presentation Skills * Personal Counseling

Nest Coffee Essay

1. Batch: 2011-2014 Course Code: 50121308Course Name: Marketing II Roll #601 Assignment #302 †¢ 2. Brand Name: Nescafe Parent Company: NestleYear of Establishment of Nestle: 1866 IntroductioNestle was established in Switzerland by Henri Nestle n Year of Entering the Indian Market: 1961 First Plant set up at Moga, Punjab Brief Overview: In 1930 the Brazilian governmentapproached Nestle to create a new instant coffee that would give the consumer another option and at the same time increase the dwindling coffee exports of Brazil. It took eight years but in 1938 Nestle introduced Nescafe. †¢ 3. Product Range (in India) †¢ 4. STP Analysis Targeting A target market is a set of buyers sharing common needs or characteristics that the company decides to serve. Positioning. Position is the act of designing the company image to occupy a distinctive place in the minds of the target markets. A product position is the way the product is defined by consumer attributes Segmentation Market segmentation means dividing a market into smaller group with distinct needs, characteristics, or behaviour who might require separate products or marketing mixes. †¢ 5. Segmentatio n Geographical Segmentation Nescafe has divided the country into four segments i.e. Southern, Northern, Eastern and Western. The Southern Segment consumes the most amount of Coffee and prefers hard and roasted coffee. Where was in Northern region, Nescafe instant coffee is consumed in higher quantities. Demographical SegmentationNescafe has tried to segment every age group, families, region, gender and different socio-economic. †¢ 6. Segmentatio Past n Nescafe was targeted to morning people PresentNescafe is now targeting the Youth According to Andrew Ward, worldwide account director ofNescafe has launched a $30 millionglobal campaign, specifically aimed at 16-24 years old. Use of Youth Icons like Purab Kohli, Vir Das and Deepika Padukone as According to McCann-Erickson Brand Ambassadors World Group, coffee is the most popular drink among the youth. †¢ 7. Examples NESCAFE CAPPUCCINO Targeted to †¢ Premium urban consumers †¢ Core audience aged 17-30 †¢ Concentrates on the theme of â€Å"The magic world of endless pleasure†. NESCAFE CLASSIC Targeted to †¢ The urban professional †¢ Core audience aged 20-30†¢ Concentrates on the classic taste of coffee with the tagline â€Å"Coffee at its Best† †¢ 8. Positioning Nescafe’s positioning is â€Å"1 coffee cup, 1 good feeling † The TVCs and all Promotional Messages focus on passing love between two person. Sharing a cup of coffee is shown as a symbol of sharing happiness. The Red Nescafe mug is another popular symbol which associates the Brand Nescafe with the concept sharing happiness. Nescafe Classic is positioned as â€Å"100% Pure Instant Coffee† Nescafe Cappuccino is being positioned as â€Å"A true Cafe† †¢ 9. Tvc and Print Ads They all focus on positioning the brand as a symbol of shared happiness.

An Overview of Basque Country

An Overview of Basque Country The Basque people have inhabited the foothills of the Pyrenees Mountains around the Bay of Biscay in northern Spain and southern France for thousands of years. They are the oldest surviving ethnic group in Europe. Even so, scholars have still not determined the exact origins of the Basques. The Basques may be the direct descendants of the first hunter-gatherers that lived in Europe about 35,000 years ago. The Basques have prospered, though their distinctive language and culture were sometimes suppressed, giving rise to a modern violent separatist movement. History of the Basques Much of Basque history is still largely unverified. Due to similarities in place names and personal names, the Basques may be related to a people called the Vascones that lived in Northern Spain. The Basques get their name from this tribe. The Basque people had probably already lived in the Pyrenees for thousands of years when the Romans invaded the Iberian peninsula during the first century BCE. The Romans had little interest in conquering Basque territory due to the mountainous, somewhat non-fertile landscape. Partly due to the terrain of the Pyrenees, the Basques were never defeated by the invading Moors, Visigoths, Normans, or Franks. When Castilian (Spanish) forces finally conquered the Basque territory in the 1500s, the Basques were first given a great amount of autonomy. Spain and France began to pressure the Basques to assimilate, and the Basques lost some of their rights during the Carlist Wars of the 19th century. Basque nationalism became particularly intense during this period. Spanish Civil War Basque culture greatly suffered during the Spanish Civil War in the 1930s. Francisco Franco and his fascist party wanted to rid Spain of all heterogeneity, and the Basque people were specifically targeted. Franco banned the speaking of Basque, and the Basques lost all political autonomy and economic rights. Many Basques were imprisoned or killed. Franco ordered the Basque town, Guernica, to be bombed by the Germans in 1937. Several hundred civilians died. Picasso painted his famous â€Å"Guernica† to demonstrate the horror of war. When Franco died in 1975, the Basques received much of their autonomy again, but this did not satisfy all Basques. ETA Terrorism In 1959, some of the fiercest nationalists founded ETA, or Euskadi Ta Askatasuna, Basque Homeland and Liberty. This separatist, socialist organization has conducted terrorist activities to try to break away from Spain and France and become an independent nation-state. Over 800 people, including police officers, government leaders, and innocent civilians have been killed by assassinations and bombings. Thousands more have been injured, kidnapped, or robbed. But Spain and France have not tolerated this violence, and many Basque terrorists have been imprisoned. ETA leaders have claimed numerous times that they want to declare a cease-fire and solve the sovereignty issue peacefully, but they have broken the cease-fire repeatedly. The majority of Basque people do not condone the violent actions of ETA, and not all Basques want complete sovereignty. Geography of the Basque Country The Pyrenees Mountains are the major geographic feature of the Basque Country. The Basque Autonomous Community in Spain is divided into three provinces- Araba, Bizkaia, and Gipuzkoa. The capital and home of the Basque Parliament is Vitoria-Gasteiz. Other large cities include Bilbao and San Sebastian. In France, many Basques live near Biarritz. The Basque Country is heavily industrialized and energy production is particularly important. Politically, the Basques in Spain have a great deal of autonomy. While they are not independent, the Basques control their own police force, industry, agriculture, taxation, and media. Basque: The Euskara Language The Basque language is not Indo-European: it is a language isolate. Linguists have tried to connect Basque with languages spoken in North Africa and the Caucasus Mountains, but no direct links have been proven. The language Basque is written with the Latin alphabet and the Basques call their language Euskara. It is spoken by about 650,000 people in Spain and about 130,000 people in France. Most Basque speakers are bilingual in either Spanish or French. Basque experienced a resurgence after the death of Franco, and to get a government job in that region, one needs to speak and write Basque; the language is taught in various educational facilities. Basque Culture and Genetics The Basque people are known for their diverse culture and occupations. The Basques built many ships and were excellent seafarers. After explorer Ferdinand Magellan was killed in 1521, a Basque man, Juan Sebastian Elcano, completed the first circumnavigation of the world. St. Ignatius of Loyola, the founder of the Jesuit order of Catholic priests, was Basque. Miguel Indurain has won the Tour de France multiple times. Basques play many sports like soccer, rugby, and jai alai. Most Basques today are Roman Catholic. The Basques cook famous seafood dishes and celebrate many festivals. The Basques may have unique genetics. They have the highest concentrations of people with Type O blood and Rhesus Negative blood, which can cause problems with pregnancy. Basque Diaspora There are approximately 18 million people of Basque descent around the world. Many people in New Brunswick and Newfoundland, Canada, are descended from Basque fishermen and whalers. Many prominent Basque clergymen and government officials were sent to the New World. Today, about 8 million people in Argentina, Chile, and Mexico trace their roots to the Basques, who emigrated to work as sheepherders, farmers, and miners. There are about 60,000 people of Basque ancestry in the United States. Many reside in Boise, Idaho, and in other places in the American West. The University of Nevada at Reno maintains a Basque Studies Department. Basque Mysteries Abound The mysterious Basque people have survived for thousands of years in the isolated Pyrenees Mountains, preserving their ethnic and linguistic integrity. Perhaps one day scholars will determine their origins, but this geographic puzzle remains unsolved. Sources and Further Reading Douglas, William, and Zulaika, Joseba. Basque Culture: Anthropological Perspectives. Reno: University of Nevada, 2007.  Trask, R. L. The History of Basque. London: Routledge, 1997Woodworth, Paddy. The Basque Country: A Cultural History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.

MLK, Jr. essays

MLK, Jr. essays Martin Luther King, Jr. was born in Atlanta, Georgia on January 15, 1929. He faced racism at an early age. When he started school Martin attended a colored school. From then on, he was not allowed to play with his best friends who were white. His mother hugged him and said, You are as good as anyone. He decided from then on he wanted things to be different. Martin never stopped thinking about how he could make the world a better place. He thought about being a doctor and helping people when they were sick, or a lawyer so he could help people when they were in trouble with the law. He finally decided to become a preacher like his father. Martin studied very hard in school. He loved books and hoped he could use powerful words to teach people to respect others. Martin studied so much so that he started college when he was only fifteen. Martin started college in 1944 at Morehouse College in Atlanta, Georgia where he majored in sociology. He skipped a year in college and graduated in 1948. King then entered Crozer Theological seminary. There Martin learned about Mohandas Gandhi, a man who showed the people of India peaceful ways to change the unjust laws of their government. Gandhi did not use violence. He began to think about ways to use his own preaching to teach others some of Gandhi's ideas. He graduated from Crozer in 1951, and entered Boston University as a doctorial student. It was there he earned the title, Doctor King. While living in Boston, he met his wife Corretta Scott. They were married on June 18, 1953. After receiving his doctorate at Boston University in 1955, he and Coretta moved to Montgomery, Alabama and became the pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church. On December 1, 1955, a woman named Rosa Parks was arrested for being a Negro who refused to give up her seat to a white man. Many people in Montgomery felt that Mrs. Parks had not been treat ...

Older vs. Elder

Older vs. Elder Older vs. Elder Older vs. Elder By Mark Nichol Which comparative adjectival term meaning â€Å"more advanced in age† is more correct in usage? Many people still prefer to use elder and its superlative eldest, but they tend to be, well, older; the choice of that last word is becoming the alternative of choice. One reason is that there is no word eld to serve as the basis of elder and eldest; it seems more sensible to many to progress from old to older to oldest. (There, are, however, other comparative/superlative pairs with no related basis: better and best progress from good, and worse and worst regress from bad.) More significantly, though, is the grammatical limitation of elder: One can write, â€Å"He has an elder brother† and â€Å"He is the elder of the two† but not â€Å"He is elder than John.† (The prohibition isn’t logical, but it’s there.) In addition to â€Å"He has an older brother† and â€Å"He is the older of the two,† conversely, â€Å"He is older than John† is considered proper. Another limitation is that elder and eldest apply only to people, but older and oldest may refer to people and inanimate objects alike. Also, although elder and eldest may refer to relative age within a family, the terms are not applied in other social contexts (besides isolated applications such as â€Å"elder statesman,† which refers to a wise and experienced but not necessarily older politician or other authoritative figure): One writes, â€Å"He is the eldest brother† but â€Å"He is the oldest child in the school.† (Keep in mind, too, that though elder and elderly imply advanced age, one does not need to be long in the tooth to be the elder of two siblings or the eldest of three or more.) Elder is descended from the Old English word eldra, which refers to a parent or other older person. (The etymology of the name of the elder tree is unrelated.) The usage in â€Å"Respect your elders† shows its age, but the term is still employed in a religious context to refer to church leaders; an older term for church elders, presbyter, is from the Greek word presbyteros which means â€Å"elder† by way of Latin. (Presbyter was ultimately altered to priest.) Elder is sometimes seen in genre fiction such as fantasy novels to impart a romantic cachet to a bygone era: â€Å"Long ago, in the Elder Days . . . .† Elderly persists as both an adjective and a noun (â€Å"the elderly†), though some consider it demeaning and prefer older as a simpler modifier and â€Å"senior citizens† or just seniors to refer to the demographic. Interestingly, the Old English predecessor of the adjective, ealdorlic, had several superlative senses: â€Å"authentic, chief, excellent, princely.† Older and elder, as you may have guessed when you were younger, share an origin: They both stem from a Germanic root that produce the variants ald and eald. (Adult and adolescent are related words.) The former term survives in alderman (once also ealdorman), a quaint alternative to â€Å"council member† that persists mostly in the Northeast United States and originally meant â€Å"chief, ruler,† and in the Scottish auld as in â€Å"auld lang syne† another variation. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:5 Uses of InfinitivesHang, Hung, Hanged10 Writing Exercises to Tighten Your Writing

Case Study Summary Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Summary - Case Study Example 3:89-1466-0). The man asked his employees to take into account his claim and made necessary changes, but, as he stated, they had failed to take the steps which had been necessary to resolve the situation. The only way out he was offered is the walls between bunks, but this measure was useless, because there was only one door in the room. The plaintiff asked for a separate room or for a change in schedule that would allow him to stay in one room with a man, not with a woman. The plaintiff complained that the defendants did not want to consider his requirements and failed to resolve the issue as he wanted to have a separate room. The defendants in their turn argued that they offered some resolutions in response, namely the wall installed between the bunks, but the plaintiff denied them and demanded much more. As all the employees should be treated equally and no exceptions should be made, as the same time as the rights of an employee were not violated under the First or Fourteenth Amen dments to the United States Constitution, the Court finds for employers. The second case study is also related to religious beliefs and the violation connected with them. The employee is Jew and, according to the religious rules, Jews should have a rest on some days companies usually work on as religion forbids to work on these days. In connections with this, a woman demanded a personal schedule from her employers that would allow her to miss the days which can’t be working days according to the rules of her religion. Employers agreed and she was provided with a personal schedule, but with less payment due to missing working hours, which were important for the company. Then the employee was terminated and she decided to apply to court saying that her rights were violated, moreover, she was abused because of her nationality and religion. The court came to the conclusion that a woman was not abused at all, because employers tried to meet her demands and provided her

This is a medical law problem question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

This is a medical law problem question - Essay Example She breached that duty of care by acting in a manner inconsistent with the reasonable standard of care which caused Paulo to suffer injury as a result of her breach of the duty of care. She knows that it is mandatory to obtain the valid consent of the patient before any medical or surgical treatment is performed on the patient. Hence, she must also be made liable for the damages, together with the doctor for the injury sustained by Paulo. The hospital also has a vicarious liability for the tort of battery and negligence committed by their doctor and nurse. As their employers, the hospital can be sued in the event their employees cannot compensate Paulo for the damage caused to him. Under the law, Paulo has the right to sue the hospital, and in return, the hospital has the obligation to compensate Paulo for the unsafe medical practice committed against him. Paulo should also file a case for negligence and damages against Doc Torr for his failure to warn him of the risks and side-effec ts of the surgical treatment before the actual operation. Clearly, there was a breach of duty on the part of the doctor for failure to inform his patient that there is a 0.5% possibility that he will lose his voice. Such material fact should be made known to the patient since the doctor knows that the patient is an opera singer by profession. Paulo has the right to request for his health record, â€Å"which consists of information relating to the physical or mental health or condition of an individual made by a health professional in connection to his care†( BMA Ethics). Before a medical practitioner examines and/or treats a patient, a valid consent must be given by the patient. If the said doctor proceeds with the examination without obtaining consent from the patient, whether express or implied, and done against that person’s will and without any statutory authority to do so, that surgeon may incur civil liability for violation of the tort of trespass against the per son and criminal liability in accordance with the provisions of Offences Against the Person Act of 1861. The truth is that most cases covered by this area are brought about due to negligence as the cause of action in the tort or damage committed by the doctor. However, in order for the action to prosper, the claimant must show proof that a valid consent from the patient to allow the medical treatment was absent. In this case, no valid consent was obtained by Dr. Torr from his patient Paulo. Thus, the doctor is liable for negligence. The term â€Å"consent† was best described in the case of Cardozo J, Schoelendorff v New York Hospital which provides: â€Å"Every human being of adult years and sound mind has a right to determine what shall be done with his own body.1† While in the case of F V West Berkshire Health Authority, Lord Goff has stated that: â€Å"Every human being of adult years and sound mind has a right to determine what shall be done with his own body†. 2 In the case at bar, Paulo is an adult who has the capacity to give consent to the medical treatment that will be done to his own body. The requirement of consent to treatment reflects the basic right to self-determination. The act of Doc Torr makes him liable for two things: 1.) Failure to obtain a valid consent from his client; and 2.)Non-disclosure of the vital information of inherent risk

TORT LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

TORT LAW - Essay Example Considering the fact that the question mentions Fred being surprised of the large bill from the Inland Revenue for capital gains tax, I suppose that he has listened to Paul’s advice and sold some of his stocks and shares. Fred’s selling some of his stocks and shares and later on, receiving a large bill for capital gains tax is a direct consequence of Paul’s advice which stated that selling some shares and stocks would help Fred avoid this tax. Due to the untrue information, Fred sold his shares and stocks and still received a large bill, which caused financial losses to him The rules of breach of duty are appropriate. Breach of duty occurs when the defendant owed a duty of care and his actions were lower than the reasonable standard. Smith &Keenan (2010, p.464) state that the test of a reasonable man should be applied to individuals â€Å"who have held themselves out as possessing a particular skill†2 as to average specialist in that domain. For example, a s in Fred’s case, Paul – recommending himself as returning a small accountancy firm, which specializes in tax and other investment matters– was expected to act as an average accountant. ... In Hedley Byrne v. Heller (1963), the Court held that â€Å"the relationship between the parties was "sufficiently proximate" as to create a duty of care. It was reasonable for them to have known that the information that they had given would likely have been relied upon †¦ This would give rise to a "special relationship", in which the defendant would have to take sufficient care in giving advice to avoid negligence liability.†3 In this case, Paul’s advice, as coming from a professional was equivalent to a statement upon which the customer (in this case – Fred) would rely on. In Rowley & Ors v Secretary of State for Department of Work and Pensions (2007) the Court held that â€Å"a solicitor owes a duty of care in tort because, like any professional person, he or she voluntarily assumes responsibility towards an individual client†4, which applies to the case of Fred v. Paul. If we were to apply the test established in Caparo v Dickman (1990), it would be clear that the facts of Fred’s situation do fall within this case: 1. â€Å"The adviser was aware that the advice was required for a purpose† 5 - Paul was aware that the advice was necessary in order for Fred to fill his tax forms and avoid large bills 2. â€Å"The adviser knew that the advice was to be communicated to the advisee†6 - 3. â€Å"It was known that the advice will be acted upon by the advisee without independent injury†7- generally, such kind of professional advice is necessary in order for the person who asks for it to act upon it 4. â€Å"It was acted upon the advice† 8 - relying on Paul’s advice, Fred sold his shares and stocks. Even when applying this test, â€Å"There must be a limit to liability and no duty will be imposed unless it is just in all the circumstances.†9 According to Winfield &

The Negative Effects of Gluten in Food Research Paper

The Negative Effects of Gluten in Food - Research Paper Example As a result, the gluten sensitive people fall victim to different diseases like obesity, osteoporosis, depression, celiac disease and non-celiac related food allergies. Generally, intestinal biopsy is conducted in people to detect if they are sensitive to gluten. Researches are underway to know more about how gluten affects the health of a person. The best way to avoid diseases for a gluten sensitive patient is to be on a gluten-free diet. Many researchers and physicians have been pondering lately over the considerable rise of diseases like obesity, osteoporosis, depression, celiac disease and non-celiac related food allergies among common people. There is much discussion ongoing in the medical world as to the major cause of such chronic diseases. Gluten is thought to be one factor which is recognized to be causing these diseases in people who are allergic to it. Research suggests the negative effects of gluten in food are obesity, osteoporosis, depression, celiac disease and non-celiac related food allergies. Gluten causes damage to the small intestine and starts giving off symptoms in people who are gluten sensitive. The damaged intestine give way to inadequate absorption of nutrition and the gluten sensitive person suffers from different diseases. Gluten is a form of protein which is generally found in wheat, barley and rye. It can be said that it is found in many types of cereals and various types of bread. However, gluten is not present in all types of food from the grain family. Some grains like rice, millet, corn quinoa and oats do not contain gluten. Hunter (1987) states that â€Å"One of the gluten’s main protein fractions is gliadin, which is a complex mixture†(pg. 3). Books (2005) explains that â€Å"Gluten is a type of protein found in wheat, barley, rye, triticale and oats†(pg.7). When this protein is metabolized in the body of a certain person, it can at times give a tremendous problem.  Ã‚  

Organisational Information System-Bright Light Limited Essay

Organisational Information System-Bright Light Limited - Essay Example Apart from this there exists a high degree of interdependence between these departments. They need to constantly interact with one another to keep the business running. A lot of information needs to flow from one department to another in order to carry out their transactions. It may so happen that the ignition for the transactions in one department may come from the outputs of another department. Hence this clearly shows that there indeed is a necessity of some means of communication between various departments. The case of Bright Light Ltd is no different. If the transmission of this information among various departments is carried out manually then the maintenance and timely delivery of this information in the expected format would be a highly impossible task. This would be tedious, time consuming and inefficient. It is here that the need for an Information System would be felt. â€Å"An Information system is a formalized computer Information system that can collect store, process and report data from various sources to provide the information necessary for managerial decision making.† (Hicks, 1993) Information system being described here is concerned with not only a computerized application but it also considers the information regarding the organizational activities. An Information system can be specified with the help of the functions it performs. The functions carried out by the Information System broadly fall under five categories. These are namely: (Angell, 1991) Having these things in mind the following report would analyze the Information flow between various departments in the Bright Light Ltd organization. To facilitate this discussion the â€Å"General Systems theory† is chosen. The following discussion would include a brief introduction regarding the systems approach and the concepts used in this approach. This would be followed by identifying the departments in the BLL organization and an information flow

The Negative Effects of Gluten in Food Research Paper

The Negative Effects of Gluten in Food - Research Paper Example As a result, the gluten sensitive people fall victim to different diseases like obesity, osteoporosis, depression, celiac disease and non-celiac related food allergies. Generally, intestinal biopsy is conducted in people to detect if they are sensitive to gluten. Researches are underway to know more about how gluten affects the health of a person. The best way to avoid diseases for a gluten sensitive patient is to be on a gluten-free diet. Many researchers and physicians have been pondering lately over the considerable rise of diseases like obesity, osteoporosis, depression, celiac disease and non-celiac related food allergies among common people. There is much discussion ongoing in the medical world as to the major cause of such chronic diseases. Gluten is thought to be one factor which is recognized to be causing these diseases in people who are allergic to it. Research suggests the negative effects of gluten in food are obesity, osteoporosis, depression, celiac disease and non-celiac related food allergies. Gluten causes damage to the small intestine and starts giving off symptoms in people who are gluten sensitive. The damaged intestine give way to inadequate absorption of nutrition and the gluten sensitive person suffers from different diseases. Gluten is a form of protein which is generally found in wheat, barley and rye. It can be said that it is found in many types of cereals and various types of bread. However, gluten is not present in all types of food from the grain family. Some grains like rice, millet, corn quinoa and oats do not contain gluten. Hunter (1987) states that â€Å"One of the gluten’s main protein fractions is gliadin, which is a complex mixture†(pg. 3). Books (2005) explains that â€Å"Gluten is a type of protein found in wheat, barley, rye, triticale and oats†(pg.7). When this protein is metabolized in the body of a certain person, it can at times give a tremendous problem.  Ã‚  

Blue Mountain - Kandinsky Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Blue Mountain - Kandinsky - Research Paper Example The paper "Blue Mountain - Kandinsky" discusses the famous painting by the artist Vasilii Kandinskii. As I already mentioned, the city is located in Germany. It the capital city of the famous German Bavaria. Bavaria, in its turn, is famous for its bear and sausages that are served to it. Munich is an old city that combines modern architecture with historic buildings. The entertainment possibilities are great – discos, cinemas, theatres, classical music and opera venues, music clubs, art galleries and, of course, beer halls. The city is not far from the Alps, has two rivers - the Isar and the Wà ¼rm, and enjoys a continental climate somewhat modified due to the city’s closeness to the mountains. â€Å"Blue Mountain† I am interested in is pained by oil. This picture is not too large – 41 3/4 x 38 inches, but contains three horse rides on a background of trees and a blue mountain. Instead of using actual texture Kandinskii uses color to create the impression of the presence of texture. The picture was created in the era of Abstractionism. Romanticism, Impressionism and Expressionism of the 19th century Europe and America contributed to the popularity of Abstractionism. It was also greatly impacted by the mysticism and mystical teachings that became extremely popular at that time in the world and did have some influence on Kandinskii too. That is why Kandinskii, just like many other artists of that time, turns to the religious theme in his works. â€Å"Blue Mountain† pictures some kind of a procession.

I am choosing to answer this unit in essay form Essay Example for Free

I am choosing to answer this unit in essay form Essay Personal hygiene can be described as the skill of maintaining one’s body; by grooming and keeping it clean and attractive in appearance. This skill helps to increase a person’s self- esteem, confidence and well- being and physical health. Good personal hygiene reduces any risks of skin complaints, unpleasant smells and bacterial or parasitic infection and it is important to encourage the individuals that I support to maintain their hygiene so that those risks are lowered. I also believe that encouraging an individual to take pride in their appearance may help them to build on their confidence as a person and contributes to a general feeling of comfort in one’s own body and well- being both mentally and physically. Encouraging my clients to take control of their own personal hygiene also ensures that they are making their own choices and decisions about their preferred ways in which to carry out their personal care; for example where an individual chooses to wash, and what product they may want to use. Bathing and showering also promote circulation in the body; exercises muscles and can create a relaxing sensation. Poor personal hygiene can have many effects on an individual’s physical and mental health. Not washing or drying skin effectively can cause it to break down; in turn this could cause a skin infection. Fungal infections can occur when skin is not cleaned and dried correctly or if nails are not kept clean or cut regularly. Fungal infections may occur if hair is not washed regularly and a simple thing like not washing one’s hands after using the toilet could cause infections in the eyes if the individual itches their eyes. Poor oral hygiene can cause gum infections, a lot of pain and removal of teeth as well as bad breath. In severe cases poor personal hygiene could be the cause of an individual experiencing skin infection so acute that they have to be hospitalised. Poor personal hygiene could also start and spread illnesses through contact with food and consumables. This list is not exhaustive. Having poor personal hygiene can affect an individual’s sell-esteem and contribute to feelings of depression or anxiety. Poor personal hygiene could also cause an individual to shy away from society, a person with bad body or clothes odour can cause society to react in a negative way towards them or even judge them as an individual. Having poor personal hygiene can affect the way in which an individual interacts with others and it could cause them to become alienated, embarrassed and in turn they can experience low self-esteem and low self-confidence. All of these factors could contribute to the individual finding it difficult to establish or maintain relationships with others and being generally unhappy. When supporting my clients with their personal care I am careful to firstly ask them what their preferences are and if they feel well or able to have a wash, bath or shower. Bathing or showering may be in a client’s care plan but that does not mean that that client chooses to bath or shower every day; they may want to have a strip wash instead. Being sensitive to an individual’s own skills with regard to washing is also important in maintaining their independence so I always inform my clients that I am there to support them if they need me to do anything in particular and to let me know if they do once I have established what they can do for themselves. I have supported a client that required assistance with washing their hair on a weekly basis and I happened to be the team member who carried out the personal care every week but on coming back to work form annual leave and visiting the client I noticed that the client’s hair was quite greasy and obviously hadn’t been washed. I sat with my client and after establishing that she was well asked her if she would like me to wash her hair as I had plenty of time and reminded her of how good she felt after I’d washed her hair in the past. While we were in the bathroom and I was washing the client’s hair I asked her if she felt ok and if she felt comfortable with the other members of my team supporting her with washing her hair. My client said that she didn’t feel comfortable or safe with somebody else washing her hair because they hadn’t seen the way that it was done and that when I was not able to attend that particular visit she chose not to ask my other team members for support with washing her hair. On drying my client’s hair I remarked â€Å"now does that feel better? † after which my client replied that it felt great. After we had finished in the bathroom I approached the subject by asking my client what she thought about organising another member of my team being present while I washed her hair so that if I was away from work for any reason, somebody else would be able to assist her with her personal care. My client thought that this would be a good idea and I organised that happening with my team leader shortly afterwards. By approaching the situation with her preference and needs in mind and focussing on them and not my thoughts and being careful not to embarrass her, we were able, together to find a solution for the future visits and ensure that both her well- being and physical health were upheld. When supporting a person with their personal care it is imperative to treat them with respect and to treat them as individuals. Not all individuals have a clear understanding of the importance of good personal hygiene and some people may have not thought about the importance of maintaining theirs for a number of reasons; these could include having a learning disability, head injury or a physical disability or mental health issue. I try to empower the people that I support as that was a mission statement of the company that I work for, and informing my clients about the many factors that make up good promotion of personal hygiene enables them to make their own decisions about theirs. The factors could include: The importance of health, social life and psychological well-being. The importance of being independent. The importance of reducing the risk of causing or spreading infection and illness. The importance of keeping personal hygiene equipment clean and suitable for the job. Supporting people with their personal care is a very private matter and one that I do not take lightly; I have empathised and thought about how it would feel if I needed somebody to help me with my daily ablutions and to be completely honest; although I am somebody that has assisted many people with their personal care over many years the idea of somebody helping me with mine makes me feel quite uncomfortable. I try to remember this when I assist people with their personal care. Our organisation fits gender to gender when co-ordinating support visits as much as possible which helps to maintain a person’s dignity and our client’s preferences are recorded in their care plans for all of our team to see so that their choices are upheld and any religious or cultural beliefs are respected. I often assist with intimate personal hygiene and always ask the client if they are comfortable with me assisting them at first, and if they can carry out their own intimate care. It is amazing how many people I have seen going into a personal care routine at full flow before establishing first with the client about what they can do for themselves. I always use my personal protective equipment which includes gloves and I am always careful to cover up my client as much as possible during the personal care; keeping them warm and maintaining their dignity. I have supported clients at home that have their personal care supported in busy lounges with family members milling around here and there and have tried with my team leader and Management to organise a privacy screen in the past and where this is not available I stop all personal care and cover my client up when people are coming close to the vicinity of where the personal care is taking place. I also talk to the client about everyday matters so as to take the focus away from the personal care. Others may be involved with supporting my clients with their personal hygiene and these may include themselves firstly, their partners, friends, relatives, other team members, a continence support worker or a district nurse. There are risks to my own health when I am supporting somebody with their personal hygiene and these include the spreading of germs and infections through bodily fluids or airborne spray and a risk of injury when supporting a client with mobility assistance needs or challenging behaviour. The risks can be reduced firstly by the adequate and correct training and my competence. Using the correct hand washing procedure reduces the risk of my clients spreading infection and the use if my PPE also reduces the risk of me becoming infected. I am careful not to cut a client when shaving in case their blood infects me and I am careful around any open wounds. When disposing of dressings or soiled continence pads I am careful and â€Å"double bag† them, which means putting them in two plastic bags and I dispose of them in the correct bin and change my gloves afterwards. I dispose of my used PPE and clean my hands thoroughly after supporting with personal care as I may come into contact with others and other things such as client folders that could carry infection. When assisting people with their personal care I support them in accordance with their moving and handling risk assessments and their care plan so as to reduce a risk of injury to myself through faulty equipment or not using equipment correctly, I always check inspection dates on equipment. I have attended training on how to deal with challenging behaviour and have de-escalation skills which reduce a risk of harm to me. There could be many underlying issues that are the reason for individuals having poor personal hygiene and these could include a person being in pain in certain areas where they would wash but choose not to because of the pain that they experience when doing so, a person may not have had any education with regard to personal hygiene or they may not believe that it is important to have good personal hygiene. Cosmetics are expensive and an individual may not be able to afford washing products to clean themselves or their clothes. An individual could be experiencing abuse and because of this chooses to cover up and refuse assistance with personal care, or could be experiencing depression and low self- esteem so has no interest in their appearance. Addressing the issues that are beneath a person’s poor personal hygiene should be done in a suitable manner, for example; if a person lacks the finances to buy toiletries I could sensitively ask if they thought it would be a good idea to look at their expenditure and budget to assist with managing it or to get in touch with their financial care provider to find out if any more resources were available to them. I would report any suspicion of abuse to my line manager immediately and monitoring of the client would be required. I could try to get the message over of how important good personal hygiene is and the factors listed previously with an individual that has depression or low self-esteem. I could encourage an individual in pain to visit their GP to address the cause of the pain and therefore making it more comfortable for them to wash. Each issue of poor personal hygiene is a bespoke one and should be dealt with with the individuals dignity in mind and with their choices and beliefs upheld.

Analysis of the Free Movement of Goods and Services Policy

Analysis of the Free Movement of Goods and Services Policy The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) has developed an extensive body of case law on free movement in relation to persons, goods, services and establishment. Over the years, the Courts approach to free movement as evolved and adapted to the modern European Union (EU) today. Through comparison of the case law it will be clear that how the Court deals with free movement is similar in all the areas of persons, goods, services and establishment. In the beginning the CJEU would only strike down legislation which was discriminatory to nationals from other Member States. It then began to strike down rules that were non-discriminatory and more recently rules that act as a barrier or hindrance to market access. Analysing these areas of the Courts jurisprudence, it will be evident that the Courts early approach was a more literal interpretation of the treaties towards a more teleological approach that expanded the Courts powers but perhaps this is ultimately needed if the CJEU was to every achieve the Internal Market.[1] As already mentioned in the early case law the CJEU would strike down national legislation due to them being discriminatory on the basis of nationality.[2] This approach was clearly based on the treaty articles that prohibited this.[3] Rules where initially struck down because they were obviously discriminatory such as in Commission v French Republic[4]in relation to workers and Humblot[5] with regards to goods. This approach was echoed across the freedoms.[6] It was clear though, that from the jurisprudence across these areas striking down barriers that were obliviously discriminatory would not be enough as often there was national legislation that was indirectly discriminating against nationals.[7] Therefore indirect discrimination was present from the beginning to tackle the double burden that was often placed by Member States on free movement. This move by the Court is comparable across the freedoms such as Uglioa[8] in relation to workers. Critically though the Court might have created indirect discrimination criteria to stop dual burden but this has raised problems from the Court as not all indirectly discriminatory rules create such a burden.[9] Even with these potential issues the practice was echoed across the jurisprudence of goods, services and establishment.[10] The case of Dassonville[11] further increased the Courts ability to strike down national legislation for being discriminatory measures having equivalent effect in relation to goods.[12] This is interesting as the expansion of the Court powers arguably goes beyond a literal interpretation of the treaty articles. It had a big effect not only on the subsequent cases regarding goods but also free movement of persons, services and establishment.[13] The CJEUs application of a wider definition in Dassonville[14] is comparable to the other freedoms particularly services and establishment.[15] The broader scope the Court has given themselves across the freedoms is a move towards a more cohesive internal market. On the other hand though, the Court was always very clear though from the beginning that free movement of persons, goods and services are not absolute.[16] This is evident from the Treaty articles in so far as certain discriminatory restrictions can be justified.[17] This indication by the Court might initially seem to be just following the Treaties but ultimately, they expanded the remit of these justifications in relation to indirectly discriminatory restrictions in all of the areas through case law.[18] The early jurisprudence shows that the Court was not willing to strike down non-discriminatory legislation such as in Chemical Farmaceutici.[19]This all changed though and the Court no longer stopped at discrimination but expanded to striking down barriers that were non-discriminatory.[20] This was possibly in order to fulfil the aims of the treaty provision, in so far as to create an successful internal market.[21] This resulted in further autonomy for the CJEU through case law in 80s but mainly 90s.[22] The CJEU developed an approach to free movement that restrictions which are non-discriminatory in nature fall within the scope of the relevant treaty articles and have to be examined for validity.[23] Similarly to the earlier jurisprudence the Court applies this thinking to all the free movement areas.[24]Bosman [25] open up this idea within free movement of persons and expanded the Courts ability to strike down national legislation.[26] Cassis de Dijon[27]had a big effect on the area of non-discriminatory national rules arguably more than Bosman[28], when you compare the effect Cassis de Dijon had.It is seen as a landmark decision in the area of indistinctly applicable restrictions.[29] It and the subsequent cases have extended the Courts ability to declare a barrier to trade unlawful.[30]In a sense it has reduced the need for harmonisation and instead has advanced the internal market ideals through case law.[31] In comparison to this development within the free movement of persons, Cassis de Dijon resulted in a surge of cases.[32] This resulted in CJEU departing from the previous case law in Keck[33] to deal with the flood of cases. It is interesting to note that at the time of the Cassis de Dijon judgement was at a time of legislative stagnation which was impeding the development of the Internal Market.[34] Therefore the Courts decision meant that the negative integration rate was speed up.[35] Arguably the Court was attempting to full the requirements of Article 26 of the TFEU and but as they couldnt do this within the treaty itself they needed to expand the parameters of their power. Similar to the free movement of persons and goods, services jurisprudence developed to include non-discriminatory barriers, meaning that anything which impedes free movement is struck down.[36] As in the earlier cases and to the other areas where it is seen to be a dual barrier that barrier is struck down such as in Sager.[37] Interestingly AG Jacobs makes a direct comparison to Cassis di Dijon here and that cases approach to non-discriminatory restrictions.[38] Similarly, the free movement of establishment the old point of view discrimination only can be seen in Commission v Belgium[39]which allowed member states to make their own rules in the absence of Community harmonisation. Klopp[40] shows the change in the Courts jurisprudence for establishment in the same way as the other freedoms. The key case here is Gebhard[41]which repeated the view the Court highlighted in Sager.[42] According to Spaventa, Gebhard[43] was not only an expansion but a qualitative leap for free movement rights.[44] It indicates a further move away from a literal interpretation towards a more teleological approach to the internal market that can be seen across the freedoms. The success of the implementation of non-discriminatory ground has dispelled any argument, according to Connor, of ever full achieving an Internal Market on the basis of discrimination alone.[45] It is important note that as the CJEUs capacity has increased across the free movement, the Member States ability to justify them continued to grow exponentially.[46] The Court has been clear that the creation of the internal market through the harmonisation of laws does not mean that all barriers to trade will be abolished.[47] Instead they will engage in an assessment of balance.[48]The Court will essential look to see if the measure can be justified and if the restriction was appropriate and ensure that it doesnt go beyond what is necessary.[49] The more the CJEU gives itself the ability to strike down legislation, the more the Court creates justifications through case law to allow for this but it needs to be careful to ensure that it does not step into the legislative realm.[50] The increase in ways to justify restrictions has been demonstrated across free movement and as the Court expands its parameters into the market access test the justifications continue to grow.[51] In recent years the Court has again expanded free movement provisions through the market access test.[52] The Court refined their approach from Keck[53]in the cases of Commission v Italy[54]and Mickelson and Roos[55]and embraced the market access test.[56] Not only does this test include measures that are a barrier to goods entering the market but also once the good is in the market.[57] This shows a clear expansion of the Courts powers in relation to free movement of goods. Comparing this development to the other areas, establishment is   another area where this test has clearly been discussed and accepted by the court in Commission v Spain.[58] These cases demonstrate the CJEUs liberalising view of the free movement doctrine in recent years.[59] In comparison, the case law in the other areas of free movement seems to suggest that the market access test is are less severe than the restrictions in Commission v Italy and Mickelson.[60] The market access test has be subject to criticism with some questioning the basis of the test and whether the CEJU is potentially violating the separation of powers within the EU.[61] Some academics believe this market access test is a development as a result of Union Citizenship and this is the basis for the test.[62] The test marks a move towards convergence and harmonisation of the internal market.[63] The idea of citizenship seems to have taken hold and it is evident that it has had an impact on free movement.[64] Tryfonidou argues that these judgements indicate a move away from assessing impact of barriers on cross-border trade to promoting free movement of commerce by Union Citizens.[65] Ultimately the jurisprudence shows that the market access test has become the main principle for the free movement cases.[66] To conclude, the CJEU has moved from a discriminatory based approach to restrictions on the free movement of goods and services to non-discriminatory one to a market access test. The jurisprudence in the area isnt clear cut but the general understanding of academics seems to be that the move towards a non-discriminatory approach was needed to have a successful internal market. The subsequent move to a market access test seems to be founded on the idea of union citizenship and perhaps a deeper idea of ultimately, in so far, as possible having the freedoms converge. Through comparison, it is clear that each section of the free market is different but ultimately the CJEU feels similar. What is evident though is that the removal of regulatory barriers CJEU feels is needed, across the free movement of persons, goods, services and establishment, in order to fulfil the aims of the internal market.[67] [1] Eleanor Spaventa, From Gebhard to Carpenter: Towards a Non-Economic European Constitution, (2004) 41 Common Market Law Review 743 [2] Paul Craig and Grainne De Bà ºrca, EU Law: Texts, Cases, And Materials (6th edn, OUP 2015) 758 [3] Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union [2012] OJ OJ C326 Article 26 and Article 45 Treaty of the Functioning of the European Union [4] Case 167/73 Commission of the European Communities v. French Republic [1974] ECR 359 [5] Case 112/84 Michel Humblot v Directeur des services fiscau [1985] ECR 1367 [6] Case 8/74 Procureur du Roi v Benoà ®t and Gustave Dassonville [1974] ECR 837 [7] Tim Connor, Goods Persons Services and Capital in the European Union/ Jurisprudential Routes to Free Movement (2010) German Law Journal 159 [8] Case 15/69 Wà ¼rttembergische Milchverwertung-Sà ¼dmilch AG v Salvatore Ugliola [1970] ECR 363 [9] n7, 165 [10] Case 71/76 Jean Thieffrey v. Conseil de lOrdre des Avocatsà   la cour de Paris [1977] ECR 765; Case 33/74 Van Binsbergen v Bestuur van de Bedrijfsvereniging voor de Metaalnijverheid [1974] ECR 122 [11] n6 [12] Ailbhe ONeill, The Path Not Taken: The Global Approach to the Free Movement of Persons, (200) 3(1) Trinity College Law Review 111 [13] Case 53/76 Procureur de la Rà ©publique de Besanà §on v Les Sieurs Bouhelier and others [1977] ECR 197; Case 249/81 Commission of the European Communities v Ireland (Buy Irish Case) [1982] ECR 4005; Case 45/87 Commission of the European Communities v Ireland (Dunalk Water Supply) [1988] ECR 4929 [14] n6 [15] Case C-55/94 Gebhard v Consiglio dellOrdine degli Avvocati e Procuratori di Milano [1995] ECR I-4165 [16] Eleanor Spaventa, Leaving Keck behind? The free movement of goods after the rulings in Commission v Italy and Mickelsson and Roos (2009) 34(6) European Law Review 914 [17] Article 36, 45, 52 of the TFEU [18] Laurence W. Gormley, Free Movement of Goods within the EU Some issues and an Irish Persepctive, (2011) 46(1) The Irish Jurist 74 [19] Case 140/79 Chemical Farmaceutici SpA v DAF SpA [1981] ECR 1 [20] n12, 112 [21] n7, 169 [22] Peter Oliver and Wulf-Henning Roth, The Internal Market and the Four Freedoms (2003) 41 Common Market Law Review 407 [23] n12, 112 [24] n12, 112 [25] Case C-415/93 Union royale belge des socià ©tà ©s de football association ASBL v Jean-Marc Bosman, Royal club lià ©geois SA v Jean-Marc Bosman and others and Union des associations europà ©ennes de football (UEFA) v Jean-Marc Bosman [1995] ECR I-4921 [26] Case C-190/98 Volker Graf v Filzmoser Maschinenbau GmbH [2000] ECR I-493;Case C-464/02 Commission of the European Communites v. Kingdom of Denmark [2005] ECR I-7929; [27] Case 120/78 Rewe-Zentral AG v Bundesmonopolverwaltung fà ¼r Branntwein (Cassis de Dijon) [1979] ECR 649 [28] n25 [29] Andrew McGee and Stephen Weatherhill, The Evolution of the Single Market Harmonisation or Liberalisation   (1990) 53(5) The Modern Law Review 578 [30] ibid, 581 [31] ibid, 581 [32] Sunday Trading Cases: Case C-145/88 Torfaen Borough Council v B Q plc [1989] ECR 3851; Case C-169/91 Council of the City of Stoke-on-Trent and Norwich City Council v B Q plc [1992] ECR I-6635 [33] Cases C-267 and 268/91 Criminal proceedings against Bernard Keck and Daniel Mithouard[1993] ECR I-6097 [34] n12, 123-124 [35] n12, 123-124 [36] Case 427/85 EC Commission v. Germany [1988] ECR 1123 [37] Case C-76/90 Manfred Sà ¤ger v Dennemeyer Co. Ltd   [1991] ECR I-4221 [38] ibid [39] Case 221/85 Commission of the European Communities v. Kingdom of Belgium [1987] ECR 719 [40] Case 107/83 Order des avocats au Barreau de Paris v Onno Klopp [1984] ECR 2971 [41] Case 55/94 Gebhard v Consiglio dellOrdine degli Avvocati e Procuratori di Milano [1995] ECR I-4165 [42] n12, 112 [43] n41 [44] Eleanor Spaventa, From Gebhard to Carpenter: Towards a Non-Economic European Constitution, (2004) 41 Common Market Law Review 743 [45] n7, 168 [46]n18, 74 [47] n29, 581 [48] n7, 182 [49] n7, 195; C-434/04, Criminal proceedings against Jan-Erik Anders Ahokainen, Mati Leppik Jan-Erik Anders Ahokainen,[2006] I-9171 [50] n16, 925 [51] n22, 434 [52] Max S. Jansson and Harri Kalimo, De Minimis Meets Market Access: Transformations in the Substance and in the Syntax Of EU Free Movement Law?'(2014) 51(2) Common Market Review 523 [53] n33 [54] Case C-110/05 Re Motorcycle Trailers: Commission of the European Communities v Italy [2009] 2 CMLR 34 [55] Case C-142/05 Ã…klagaren v Percy Mickelsson and Joakim Roos [2009] ECR I-4273 [56] n16, 915 [57] n16, 923 [58] Case C-400/08 Commission of the European Communities v Spain [1995] ECR I-4165 [59] n2, 806 [60] n52556 [61] n16, 925 [62] A. Tryfonidou, Further Steps on the Road to Convergence Among the Market Freedoms, (2010) 35 European Law Review 36 [63] ibid, 49 [64] Pedro Caro de Sousa, Quest for the Holy Grail-Is a Unified Approach to the Market Freedoms and European Citizenship Justified? (2014) 20(4)European Law Journal 499 [65] n tryfonidou50 [66] Sacha Prechal and Sybe De Vries, Seamless Web of Judicial Protection in the Internal Market? (2009) 5 European Law Review [67] Damian Chalmers, European Union Law: Text and Materials (3rd edn, Cambridge University Press 2014)

The Variety of Themes in Othello Essay -- Othello essays

The Variety of Themes in Othello  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   In the Shakespearean tragedy Othello the number and description of themes is open to discussion. With the help of literary critics, we can analyze this subject in detail.    In the essay â€Å"Wit and Witchcraft: an Approach to Othello† Robert B. Heilman discusses the ancient’s instinctive reaction to the love-theme of the play:    Before coming directly to the forming of the love-theme that differentiates Othello from other Shakespeare plays that utilize the same theme, I turn arbitrarily to Iago to inspect a distinguishing mark of his of which the relevance to thematic form in the play will appear a little later. When Iago with unperceived scoffing reminds Roderigo, who is drawn with merciless attraction to the unreachable Desdemona, that love effects an unwonted nobility in men, he states a doctrine which he â€Å"knows† is true but in which he may not â€Å"believe.† Ennoblement by love is a real possibility in men, but Iago has to view it with bitterness and to try to undermine it. (333-34)    The theme of hate is the theme on which the play opens. Lily B. Campbell in Shakespeare’s Tragic Heroes indicates this hate in the opening scene:    It is then on a theme of hate that the play opens. It is a hate of inveterate anger. It is a hate that is bound up with envy. Othello has preferred to be his lieutenant a military theorist, one Michael Cassio, over the experienced soldier Iago, to whom has fallen instead the post of â€Å"his Moorship’s ancient†. Roderigo questions Iago:    Thou told’st me thou didst hold him in thy hate.    And the reply is a torrent of proof of the hatred for Othello that has almost exceeded the envy of Cassio because he possesses the ... ...Gardner, Helen. â€Å"Othello: A Tragedy of Beauty and Fortune.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from â€Å"The Noble Moor.† British Academy Lectures, no. 9, 1955.    Heilman, Robert B. â€Å"Wit and Witchcraft: an Approach to Othello.† Shakespeare: Modern Essays in Criticism. Ed. Leonard F. Dean. Rev. Ed. Rpt. from The Sewanee Review, LXIV, 1 (Winter 1956), 1-4, 8-10; and Arizona Quarterly (Spring 1956), pp.5-16.    Jorgensen, Paul A. William Shakespeare: The Tragedies. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1985.    Mack, Maynard. Everybody’s Shakespeare: Reflections Chiefly on the Tragedies. Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press, 1993.    Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.

Ap Us History Essay

Thesis Sentence: The lives of the Plains Indians in the second half of the nineteenth century were affected by technological developments and government actions politically, economically, religiously, socially, intellectually, and geographically. Body Paragraph #2 Background Paragraph – How the Indians were treated before the second half of the 19th Century. Body Paragraph #3 The technological developments and government actions affected the Indians in the second half of the 19th Century politically because: †¢ They did not have a say in government very much even though they were more â€Å"civilized† Body Paragraph #4 The technological developments and government actions affected the Indians in the second half of the 19th Century economically because: †¢ Transcontinental Railroad – Indians lost their food sources, such as bison, due to the rapid constructions of buildings and technological things that did not let the bison roam free Lots of bison caused hunting -> they almost went extinct Body Paragraph #5 The technological developments and government actions affected the Indians in the second half of the 19th Century religiously because: †¢ Indians that changed left their culture and spiritual practices behind Became Christians – only a few Were allowed in churches †¢ Indians that did not changed were being forced to change Body Paragraph #6 The technological developments and government actions affected the Indians in the second half of the 19th Century socially because: †¢ Indians who changed left their practices and became more â€Å"civilized† according to the white Americans They were more accepted than the non-changed Indians Body Paragraph #7 The technological developments and government actions affected the Indians in the second half of the 19th Century intellectually because: †¢ Indians who changed got the same education white Americans did Went to better schools †¢ Indians who did not change were not as well educated as the other Indians †¢ All Indians were better equipped when it came to hunting because they had guns instead of bows n’ arrows Death rate while hunting went down Body Paragraph #8 The technological developments and government actions affected the Indians in the second half of the 19th Century geographically because: †¢ Were given crappy land Were kicked out of them when the Americans found out that there was gold in that area Homestead Act/ Dawes Act Conclusion: During the second half of the 19th Century, the Indians were affected by the technological developments and government actions in many ways more than one. They were still not accepted politically. They lost a lot of economical resources in the process of the technological progression. The Indians were forced to change their religion to Christianity in order to become â€Å"civilized† in the eyes of the white Americans. They were socially accepted in some ways by the white Americans if they converted to Christianity. The Indians became intellectually smarter when they grasped new technological developments like the gun (new for them) so that they could hunt properly. However, they lost a lot of land to the white Americans geographically. The second half of the 19th Century gave the Indians more problems than happiness.

Federalism, unitary and confedrate government Essay

Federalism is a governmental organization in which authority is divided between two sovereign levels of government.  ·National  ·Regional Federalism is a method of government where decision on taxes and education are shared between two political powers and are exercised on two levels of government. There are several distinguishing deference’s between federalist, unitary, and confederation government structures. Federal states may be created in one of two ways  · Separate political units may decide to join together in a political partnership.  ·An existing unitary government may choose to disperse. In a federal system, each citizen is subject to two governments: the national or federal governments and the regional, state, or local government. The courts or some other impartial body is usually given the power to interpret the conditions of the constitution concerning the political powers of each level. A single level government for the entire country characterizes a unitary state. There is also no municipal, or local government working without help of the national government unlike the federalist government. An example of a unitary government would be Sweden. Confederacy is a union in which the states alone are self-governing. The power of the central government is derived from the states. Confederation that is traditional is described as the following:  ·Structure is based on centralized command of politics  ·Confederate law is superior law  ·State borders are fixed or determined by central authority. Federalist, unitary, and confederation governing structures are distinctly different in several ways. Governments chose to run their country with different methods that work for them.

Country Report on Road Safety Initiatives in Malaysia

Country Report on Road Safety Initiatives in MALAYSIA Datuk Suret Singh Director General Road Safety Department Malaysia Basic Information Country : Malaysia ? ? ? ? ? Population: 26. 4 Million in 2006 Square Kilometer: 392876km2 Road Length: 72,400 km No of Registered Vehicles: 15,790,732 Vehicle Kilometer Travelled/year: 337. 8 Billion VKT Malaysia Definition and Data System Definition: ? Fatality: Deaths within 30 days ? Serious: All Required Hospitalization ? Slight Injury: Out Patient or Self Treatment Data System: ? Police DataForm : Standard POL27 Accident Form Database/System: Computerized MAAP System Annual Accident Report availability: Yes ? Hospital Data Injury classification used: AIS retrieval System: Many System used, in process of Standardization Malaysia Safety Target and Management National Safety Target? : ? 2. 0 Deaths/10,000 vehicles by 2010 ? 10 Deaths100,000 population 2020 ? 10 Deaths per Billion VKT by 2020 National Safety Plan? : ? Availability: Yes, National Road Safety Plan 2006-2010 ? strategies : 9 Strategies ? Programs: 52 Programs Availability of Institutional Set-up ? ? ? ?Road Safety Department (2005) MIROS (2007) National Road Safety Council (50 years ago) Annual Budget Allocated for Road Safety Programs Malaysia Road Safety Facts (1996-2006) Year Registered Vehicles Road Length (Km) Number of accidents Death 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 7,686,684 8,550,469 9,141,357 9,929,951 10,589,804 11,302,545 12,068,144 12,868,934 13,801,297 14,816,407 15,790,732 60,734 63,382 63,382 64,981 64,981 64,981 64,981 71,814 71,814 72,400 72,400 189,109 215,632 211,037 223,166 250,417 265,175 279,237 298,651 326,815 328,268 341,252 6,304 6,302 5,740 5,794 6,035 5,849 5,887 6,282 6,228 6,200 6,287Fatality Index Per 10,000 Vehicles 8. 20 7. 37 6. 28 5. 83 5. 70 5. 17 4. 88 4. 88 4. 51 4. 18 3. 98 Per 100,000 Population 29. 8 29. 1 25. 3 25. 5 26. 0 25. 1 25. 3 25. 1 24. 3 23. 7 23. 6 Per Billion VKT 40. 4 36. 3 30. 9 28. 7 28. 0 25. 5 24. 0 24. 0 22. 2 20. 6 Malaysia 19. 6 Key Issues and Challenges Key Problems Identified ? Target Groups: Motorcyclists (53%) Car Occupants (22%) Pedestrians (10%) ? Target Issues: Head Injuries among motorcyclists Un segregated VRUs MalaysiaFatality by Casualty Class Malaysia Strategic Programs and Projects Program Potential % Intervention Coverage Reduction 2007 2008 2009 2010 AES Speed Cameras Redlight Cameras Lane Displine Helmet Program Rear Seat Belts Airbags Driver Training RSE and CBP Mcycle Lanes Blackspots Others 20 20 0 30 20 10 10 10 10 10 10 60 60 20 65 40 20 30 20 20 20 20 100 90 60 100 60 40 50 50 30 30 30 100 90 80 100 80 60 60 80 40 40 40 % 30 40 20 50 30 30 10 20 80 30 20 No of Deaths Expected No. f Fatality Reduction Involved/yr 2007 2008 2009 2010 1400 150 450 1500 350 400 300 400 500 500 350 84 12 0 225 21 12 3 8 40 15 7 427 3. 45 252 36 18 488 42 24 9 16 80 30 14 420 54 54 750 63 48 15 40 120 45 21 420 54 72 750 84 72 18 64 160 60 28 6300 Deaths/1 0,000 Vehicles 1009 1630 1782 2. 94 2. 45 2. 21 Malaysia MIROS0 7One Most Successful Road Safety Intervention Name: Exclusive Motorcycle Lane Program Problem Statement: Rear-End and Side Swipe along High Speed Links Double Low Speed Links Issues Identified: Un-segregated leading to Conflicts among Fast, Un Compatible VRUs and Larger Vehicles Rationale for Intervention: Segregation reduce Conflicts, Risk and Exposures Detailed Intervention Programs: 3m Exclusive Lane fully segregated Impact of Intervention: 39% less Accidents, 83% Less Fatalities, BCR=5 Malaysia

Adaptation and Accountability in the Workplace Essay

Adaptation and Accountability in the Workplace - Essay Example A measure that has been taken in my workplace that aid in the accountability process is that of the adaptation of healthcare marketing materials. In order to better understand the issue of adaptation and the involved accountability process with this, the matter itself must be discussed to the full extent. By thoroughly addressing these subjects of interest, we can gain a more intellectual and knowledgeable viewpoint on the subject at hand. The aim of this paper is to do this, as well as envelop any and all other key related factors. This is what will be dissertated in the following. The issue of the adaptation of healthcare marketing materials is far more than just translating the words; rather it is a complex and diverse situation, and is the translating of ideas and doing so in a manner that the target culture will embrace. The most effective adaptations and translations require extensive testing with the basic target audience during all phases of the development process. Cultural adaptation of preventive materials and messages are used to increase access to, and facilitate the benefits of, the preventive benefits are necessary.

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle - Essay Example The title 'the Unready', or more accurately 'the Ill-Advised', given to Alfred's successor derives largely from the writer of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle who was an admirer of Alfred and disappointed in his successor. The author seems so much unknown of the real dilemma that he has kept the then public views in his mind while writing and the chronicle is not written keeping the real circumstances in consideration Ethelred had to face in that era, but its all about the reiterate defeats of Ethelred. This is the main reason as to why Ethelred has gained nothing but only the bad reputation in history. Another reason is while writing 'Anglo-Saxon Chronicle', he has been compared to Alfred. In 1979 the year after the accession of King Aethelred, the Danish invasions, long unintermitted under Edgar the Peaceful, recommenced as their main objective was to plunder only, not conquest, and they repeatedly attacked in 981, 982 and 988. A period of peace in the middle of the tenth century, in which took place a great monastic reform and revival of learning, was followed by renewed Danish attacks, which continued throughout the reign of Aethelred the Unready and culminated in the conquest by Cnut. In 991 the Danes burned Ipswich, and defeated and slew the East Saxon ealdorman Brihtnoth at Maldon. After this incident, Aethelred realizing the eruption of law and order offered them a price of freedom of 10,000, just to bring peace and serenity in England. As the Danes had to give something in the form of desistion from their ravages, they were still allowed to stay in England. Next year Aethelred himself broke the peace by an attack on the Danish ships. Despite the treachery of A elfric, the English were victorious and the Danes sailed off to devastate Lindsey and Northumbria. In 994 Olaf Tryggvason, King of Norway, and King of Denmark, Sweyn Forkbeard united in a great invasion and attacked London. Frustrated by the bravery of the citizens, they sailed away and harried the coast from Essex to Hampshire. Now Aethelred had no option left except for paying another price of England, and once again he bought peace for 16,000 with a promise of supplies. Olaf after receiving such great favors assured Aethelred that he would never again come to England with hostile intent, an engagement that he faithfully kept. One of the reasons why he is acknowledged as 'The Unready' is he was not sure who to trust and who not to trust. For his defeat lies in the fact he trusted the wrong people. This led him towards the failure one after the next and finally the King of Denmark defeated him. The promise was made to Olaf Tryggvason, the King of Norway; Sweyn (the King of Denmark) was devoid of any kind of commitment made to Aethelred so he repeatedly attacked England in 997, 998, 999, and in 1000. These frequent attacks break down the national defense and made the Government weak. However Aethelred in these crucial state of affairs did what anyone could have done for the survival of his country, he offered the then Danes the sum of 24,000, but at the same time he ordered the slaughter of each and every Danish men who were in England, which was his greatest blunder. Such a violent behavior on part of the Aethelred made the situation worse and caused Sweyn to return for revenge and remained here for two yea rs. In 1005

Criminal code of Canada + criminal records Essay

Criminal code of Canada + criminal records - Essay Example conservative interpretative models. Code criminelis is divided into the following parts general, offences against public order, terrorism, firearms and other weapons. There is also offences against the administration of law and justice, sexual offences public morals and betting, offences against person and respect of certain property. In addition there are offences relating to currency, instruments and literature for illicit drug use. Others entail attempts-conspiracies accessories, jurisdiction, special procedure and powers, compelling appearance of an accused before a justice and interim release and language of accused. The criminal code mostly consists of common law and defenses rather than statute. However, there are important Canadian criminal laws that do not form the code and they include Canada evidence act, firearms act, youth criminal justice act, controlled drug and substance act and the contraventions act. Code criminelis has been amended numerous times some of the amendments include the consolidation of federal statutes that occurred during 1955 and 1985.One of the major amendments was the passage of the criminal law amendment act in 1968 and 1969.The provisions of this law included the discriminisation of homosexual acts between consenting adults, the legalization of contraception, abortion and lotteries, authorization of breathalyzer tests on suspected drunk drivers and new gun ownership. Numerous sections of the code criminelis have been struck down by the Canadian Supreme Court due to the existing legal challenges under the Canadian charter of rights and freedoms. The offending sections are wholly removed. Persons aged between 12 and 17 can be charged in court with offences under the criminal code, they are prosecuted the say way adults are prosecuted and are subjected to the same laws of evidence. The youth

Fast Food Restaurants Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Fast Food Restaurants - Assignment Example Therefore, in Fast Food restaurants industry, customer loyalty is built, earned and retained with the following components; Product quality, Product attributes, Brand name, Store environment (relates to customer experience with the restaurant and restaurant's ambiance), Service quality, Price, Promotion, Trust and Satisfaction. In this industry, a loyal customer means the person who avail's a restaurant's services, is highly satisfied with them, has a pleasant customer experience with the place, trusts the restaurant to provide high quality good food, considers product/service attributes to be excellent, considers the product/service quality as high, considers price to be worth the product/service offering, rates promotional activities to be highly attractive and goes for the brand name created by the restaurant, like McDonalds (Nezakati, 13). For fast food firms, customer loyalty is when a particular customer revisits their restaurant again and again and repurchases their service. M oreover, these are the customers who visit the restaurant very frequently, for instance a customer who eats at the restaurant twice every week. They are happy customers who give a positive feedback when asked about the food and they give generous tips to the waiters. Customer loyalty is measured by the revenue generated from a particular customer, a regular customer whose name every waiter would know or who could be recognized by face (Rehman et.al., 1-2). For customers, customer loyalty is the high level of satisfaction they receive from dining in a fast food restaurant. For them, customer loyalty is a product of high quality product/service that completely fulfills the customer expectations and satisfy their preferences or needs. For customers, to be a loyal consumer of a fast food restaurant's food, it is essential for the restaurant to provide them with a complete service experience. The ambiance of the place must be pleasant and enjoyable. Food must be of high quality and most importantly it must be hygienic and worth every penny they pay for it. The service must be prompt and efficient as customers do not like to wait a lot when it comes to food and restaurant staff must be hospitable and helpful since many at times customers ask for suggestions from the staff as to what they should order and what is the best dish they serve. So in a nutshell, for customers to be loyal they must be provided a high quality food service as for customers, customer loyalty is what an organization earns from the absolute satisfaction of a customer. It is all about meeting customer expectations and living up to them (Rehman et.al., 1-2). To be more specific, companies and customers define customer loyalty by dividing it into two types; attitudinal loyalty and behavioral loyalty. Attitudinal loyalty is a state of mind a customer is in which displays a positive preferential attitude of the customer towards a company's products/services. It simply depends on the customers' liking , if they like a certain brand, like in this case if they love McDonalds, they will even pay a premium price to buy the product compared to its lower priced competitor, for instance KFC in this case. Behavioral loyalty is simply dependent on the customer's conduct without any consideration of their attitude or preference.