Othello Analysis Essay

Jealousy is defined as feeling and/or showing envy of someone for their achievements and advantages. Jealousy is known to be one of the world’s worst emotions, except jealousy is not an emotion. Jealousy is a deadly disease and should not be considered an emotion proving that while in a jealous state there is a complete loss of control. A person in the jealous state is completely incapable of controlling their emotions, behaviour and their intellectual process making them vulnerable in all situations. The play Othello written by William Shakespeare proves to be one of the most profound pieces of literature includes many characters that are diagnosed with the deadly disease that is Jealousy. â€Å"O, beware, my lord, of jealousy; /It is the green eyed monster which doth mock/ [t]he meat it feeds on† (Othello, 3.3.165-167). A very vital and traumatizing symptom that comes with having the Jealous disease is the psychological loss of control. The diagnosed character is incapable of controlling their thoughts, often leading them to making unreasonable decisions. In the play Othello, we see many characters that are ill with the Jealous disease and are battling to keep their thoughts intact. Iago is one of the first characters to be introduced into the play who possess the illness. When Iago proves to have the symptom of psychological control loss, we can see it when he states, â€Å"I am not what I am† (Othello, 1.1.65). This is very significant because throughout the play it is established that Iago is really contrasting the character who he claims to be; loyal and honest. It is given that Iago is possessed by his illness; forcing him to be the deceiving, smart, and insincere character. When Iago loses psychological control, he makes a decision far too quickly, without processing all the elements. â€Å"Call her father, Rouse him. Make after him, poison his delight, Proclaim him in the streets. Incense her kinsmen, And, though he in a fertile climate dwell, Plague him with flies.† (Othello, 1.1.68-71) In this passage, Iago is speaking with Roderigo and has invented plans to destroy Desdemona and Othello’s secret relationship by exposing them to Desdemona’s father, Brabantio; awaiting him that the two have eloped. Iago does not take a moment to reconsider the steps he wishes to pursue as a normal person would, Iago does not judge the consequences of his actions or what affects might it cause. This passage is very significant because it is this one simple decision made by Iago that determines and introduces all the other conflicts later in the play. It is established that Iago is in a Jealous state, that he is not in control of his thoughts and should not be held accountable for any actions he may pursue. One who has what is deemed a â€Å"normal† intellectual process can move forward to collecting their thoughts to make rational decisions, contradictory to one who is sick with the Jealous disease who lacks to control their thoughts. As we can see through Iago the Jealous disease has a powerful symptom that controls your intellectual process and therefore someone should not be held accountable for their thoughts while in jealous state, for Jealousy is what triggers a character to performing abnormal acts, this leading to the next symptom, symptom of changes in behaviour. A person must always have control over their actions because as we all know, if they do not have power over their actions, it may lead to their downfall. Many characters in the play had uncontrolled actions that led to their own defeat as result of being in the Jealous state. The main character Othello, the brave Moor who was always taking cautious steps as a leader, quickly changed when he went into a Jealous state. â€Å"I love thee;/[b]ut never more be officer of mine† (Othello, 2.3.227-228). This passage proves the courageous Othello when he took away Cassio’s position, for the benefit of the citizens of Cyprus. â€Å"Devil! (s triking her)† (Othello, 4.1.228). This passage is where Othello is incapable to control his actions and slaps Desdemona in front of a crowd surprisingly to the original characteristics that defined Othello initially. If you compare the two passages you can distinguish the difference Othello in a balanced and unbalanced state. The illness that transmitted into his biological system quickly, took over his ability to have power over his brain. â€Å"It is too late. (he smothers her)† (Othello, 5.2.83). This passage is very significant because as the reader we know that Othello’s love for  his beloved wife is pure and he would never commit such a crime, but since Othello is unable to break his bond of the Jealous disease, Othello kills his own wife. Othello wanted to be the dominate power, and had no power over his decisions of actions leading to his downfall. The actions one takes are controlled by their thoughts and emotions which neither of is a person in a Jealous state able to control. The emotional trauma that one feels while fighting the Jealous disease is horrifying. They are incapable of controlling their emotions and have high mood swings, which can result in overpowering their intellectual thought process that moves forward into taking control of their actions. In the play we are able to see characters whose emotions are uncontrollable and change very quickly. First, we have Othello who is in a battle with his emotions when he learns that Desdemona may be having an affair. â€Å"Farwell the tranquil mind! Farewell content!† (3.3.356) This is the first quote from Othello and shortly after he says, â€Å"Villain, be sure thou prove my love a whore, Be sure of it.† (3.3.367-368) as we can see Othello is going from insane to angry, and he has no control over who he has rage towards, for a second it is Desdemona and the next second it is Iago. Othello conflicts with the multiple emotions he is feeling and is has no power over the release of his emotions. This signifies that Jealousy is a disease because Othello does not feel â€Å"jealous†; he feels many other emotions in this moment of the play while ill. Roderigo who also suffers from the Jealous disease also is unable to control his emotions. â€Å"Nay, I think it is scurvy and begin to find myself fopped in it.†(4.2.201-202)In this passage Roderigo speaks to Iago telling Iago that he knows Iago is cheating him. Although later in the play, Roderigo continues to work with Iago in hopes of killing Cassio. â€Å"And yet he hath given me satisfying reasons.†(5.1.9)As we observe Roderigo, we observe his different and quickly changing emotions around Iago. Roderigo although figuring out that Iago is not a good person, when in a Jealous state cannot control his emotions and feels that Iago will be loyal in the end, this leads to his own downfall because in the end it is Iago who kills Roderigo. This signifies that a character with the Jealous disease is unable to control their emotions and have emotions controlled by a disease. Just as they have no control their behavioural and psychological changes. All in all, through the play Othello we learn that jealousy is a disease so strong;  no one can control their body. Their emotional, psychological, and conduct processes all change and make it very hard to process like normal. A person fighting this illness is very unhealthy and unsafe; which often leads them to their own destruction. There is no medication to cure the disease and no one should be held liable for their thoughts, actions or emotions. We can use this lesson as an example to help us think of jealousy as the disease it is and find a cure or a method to relieve a patient from all that they go through when in a jealous state.

Obesity in African American Culture Essay

?Obesity has more that just a physical effect on the body. Obesity also greatly affects the mental and emotional part of the body as well. Although you cannot directly correlate metal and emotional health to obesity, you can see that its effects do in fact play a role in the mental and emotional health of an obese person. While the effects of obesity do indeed reach out to all races, it is easy to see that mental and emotional problems from obesity in the African American culture are present in the culture. Depression, anxiety, and discrimination, are all results that are caused by obesity in the African American community. Many people are familiar with depression, whether it be a friend or family member that went through it or that they themselves went though it. â€Å"Depression is a state of low mood and aversion to activity that can have a negative effect on a person’s thoughts, behavior, feelings, world view and physical well-being† (Salmans 1997). African American obesity has a close tie with depression in African American people. When people are self-conscious about their weight they may think that people look down on them for this. This would cause them to think less of themselves or believe that others are better then them. In turn it can cause the obese African American to have a bad view of themselves, other people, and the world in general. This is exactly what depression is. You can see that depression can be caused by obesity in the African American culture. Anxiety is another emotional distress many people are familiar with. Anxiety is know as, â€Å"the displeasing feeling of fear and concern† (Davison 2008). Many people have felt the effects of anxiety in their own lives, whether it is before an important test, a speech in front of many people, or the big gam; many people feel anxiety. Looking only at anxiety caused by obesity in African American people is a different situation. Anxiety or nervousness before a big event is common and in many ways healthy because it motivates us to do the very best we can. Anxiety in African Americans because of obesity is not healthy; in fact it can be dangerous and destructive. By feeling displeased and concerned about their weight African Americans can struggle all through out life to over come these feelings. It could limit their goals and overall make them settle for less then they really can do. Anxiety do to obesity in the African American community is not a healthy and can severely constrain someone’s life. Discrimination in the African American community has always been a problem through out history. Slavery is a very obvious product of discrimination. Taking a more specific look at discrimination of the African American community because of obesity is a different situation. When people discriminate African Americans because of their weight it seriously prohibits their chances of succeeding in life. It could be in the work place or at school. By placing these barriers we are limiting the ability of the African American community and hurting their chances of having a successful and meaningful life. These mental and emotional effects of obesity in the African American community are unfair and wrong. People should not be judged on their weight. Davison, Gerald C. (2008). Abnormal Psychology. Toronto: Veronica Visentin. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-470-84072-6. Salmans, Sandra (1997). Depression: Questions You Have – Answers You Need. People’s Medical Society. ISBN 978-1-882606-14-6.

Howl by Allen Ginsberg Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Howl by Allen Ginsberg - Essay Example The aforementioned individuals faced different dilemmas in their lives and chose a destructive pathway for them self neither suggested by the society nor forced by government. Thus, the poet cannot solely blame government and society for their indigence position. Throughout, the history many prominent personalities have started their carrier from the scratch, thus, the matter of destiny, aim and preference lies in ones hand. The poet has somehow justified their use of narcotics or marijuana as an escape route from poverty, unavailability of basic resources like warm water for bath and tattered clothes. Moreover, he has complained about the social boundaries prevailed in the later part of twentieth century, like tabooed culture of gay sex, obscenity in art and literature, sexual intercourse in public areas and freedom of expression to students in university and colleges for the sake of sanity. However, social norms are set to distinguish human apart from animal culture, especially in the matters of intercourse. The poet requires a freedom, which is prevailed in the twenty first century and has caused many root problems. For instance the usage of drug has

Are reason and emotion equally necessary in justifying moral decisions Essay - 5

Are reason and emotion equally necessary in justifying moral decisions - Essay Example A second way of knowing is through personal experience or self-witnessing. The media sources like newspapers and television may or may not always be trustworthy. One needs to use his or her own discretion elaborately before trusting the information. Sometimes we may believe in a certain aspect merely by our personal inspiration or intuition. This is the third way of knowing. Some concepts and ideas take birth in our brains and remain there as a piece of knowledge gained. Sometimes we might just rely on a feeling and an inner guidance that may lead us to the truth or the right path. A fourth way of knowing is by using reason and careful analysis. This is a powerful approach where knowledge may be gained by critically and logically analyzing the other three cases. (â€Å"Measurement, Evaluation & Research: Ways of Knowing†, 2008) Now, when we look at all the ways of knowing, we may conclude that finally each of them is flawed. As far as the first way is concerned, the book or text might consist of misprints and errors. There may be some information, which might differ from one book to another. Personal experience or eye witnessing is also dependent upon optical illusion or error of vision. Personal inspiration or intuition might also become invalidated or reason might not support this personal opinion. Again, reason might be right to one but wrong to another. Hence this way of gaining knowledge is not a valid one. However, Kerlinger provides a different angle to validate the four different ways. The first case, that is gaining knowledge by reading signifies a group’s belief and can be taken as the truth. This is the process of tenacity where the knowledge is common to a certain group. (Kerlinger 1973) In the second case, the personal experience one gains is at least true to the person concerned. The third method may be justified on the basis of personal intuition. Such a way of knowing may be justified on the basis of individual belief and

Accounting Theory - Comparison between Positive and Normative Approach Essay

Accounting Theory - Comparison between Positive and Normative Approach - Essay Example The study of accounting theory enables to understand our past and provide us with a positive reception of how our recent practices and problems came into being. A historical investigation also tells that certain problems are continuing and may not be capable of an everlasting solution, for example, accounting for intangible and changing price levels. The accounting theory’s development came up because of needs and changes in accounting concepts and techniques. The main purpose of accounting is to plan periodic matching of revenues and cost. The accounting theory is classified into positive and normative accounting theory. This paper will take into consideration the positive and negative approach of accounting theories; their advantages and disadvantages, comparison and relationships between the two and evidence supporting that where each of the approaches might be appropriate in the current economic and business environment. Positive Approach The positive approach in accountin g starts with observations of financial information of business firms and on the basis of recurring relationships proceeds to draw overview and principles of accounting. Financial and accounting information, hence, represents recurring relationships leads to the formulation of principles. Different steps involved in positive accounting theory are: doing the observations and then recording of all the observations, analysis and then doing classification of these observations in order to detect recurring relationships, inductive derivation of principles of accounting and generalizations from those observations which signify recurring relationships and last step is the testing of generalizations (Rao, 2006, p.57). This approach is appropriate in the business environment in order to explain and forecast management’s choice of standards through analysing the benefits and costs of particular financial exposures in relation to allocation of resources and to various individuals within the economy. This theory is based on the propositions that shareholders, managers, and politicians or regulators are rational and that they try to make the best use of their utility, which is related to their reward and therefore to their wealth. The preference of an accounting policy by any of these groups depends on a comparison of the relative benefits and costs of different accounting procedures in such a way so as to maximize their utility. For example, it will be appropriate in such a business environment where it is assumed that management takes into consideration the effects of the reported accounting of numbers on political cost, information production cost, tax regulation, management compensation, and constraints found in bond-indenture provisions. The fundamental idea of the positive theory is to develop hypotheses about factors that persuade the accounting practices and to test the legality of these hypotheses empirically.     

Hurricanes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hurricanes - Essay Example The paper explores hurricanes centering on the formation and characteristics of the hurricanes. A hurricane assembles energy as it progress across the ocean water, drawing up warm, moist tropical air from the surface and supplying breezy air aloft. The Coriolis force is essential in the creation  of a hurricane  although the force becomes weak near the equator. Thus, hurricanes can never form at the equator. Hurricanes typically haves an average diameter of about 500 km (311 miles) with strong winds  spiraling inward and upward at speeds that range from 75 to 200 mph (Ahrens, 2007). Hurricanes usually start as tropical disturbances in warm ocean waters with surface waters temperatures reaching at least 80 degrees Fahrenheit (26.5 degrees) or warmer. The low pressure systems  derive energy flowing from the warm seas. A hurricane usually starts as a tropical wave before it becomes a tropical disturbance. In the event that a storm attains wind speeds of about 38 miles (61 kilometers or less) an hour, the storm is otherwise referred to as a tropical depression. A tropical depression is known as tropical storm when it sustains wind speeds of about 39 miles to 73 mph (63 kilometers) an hour. If a tropical storm reaches sustained wind speeds of about 74 miles or more (199 kilometers) an hour, it becomes a hurricane and gains a category rating of 1 to 5 based on the Saffir-Simpson Scale. Hurricanes represent massive heat engines that generate energy at an immense scale. Hurricanes usually derive heat from warm, moist ocean air and release it via condensation of water vapor in thunderstorms. Hurricanes rotate around a low-pressure centre known as the â€Å"eye,† exemplified by light winds and fair weather. The â€Å"eye† emanates from sinking air at the centre. Hurricanes mainly spiral in a counter-clockwise direction  with the

The New Economics of the Music Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

The New Economics of the Music Industry - Essay Example The technological boom has ushered countless innovations in almost all the sectors in the global economy. These advances have facilitated the spillover of positive and negative externalities in various industries facilitating the emergence of new trends that disrupt and refine the current economic equilibrium. Along with other sectors, the global music industry had been significantly altered by this technological boom notably, the internet and associated technologies. These innovations have revolutionized the market structure and value chain of the music industry through the alteration of the intermediation processes. These new technologies allowed the faster mobility of goods from the artist to the costumers as other processes in the value chain are eradicated. Aside from these obvious developments, technological changes have many other considerable implications for the music industry. ... Having a strong foothold on the entire music industry, these companies command high level of bargaining power among other important players as they have are involved in all the processes in the value chain. Figure 1. Market Share of the Big Five (2001) Source: Hannaford, 2005 However, the dominance of these companies is largely felt in America and Europe while the Asia Pacific market is mainly controlled by independents [3]. In this region independent record labels hold almost 40% of the entire market share. In this case, we can see a duopolistic competition where the Big Five abound together with a local competitive fringe. III. Traditional Market Structure Record label plays various roles in the operation of the music industry. It can be noted that these companies are almost always present in the entire traditional value chain. The value chain of the music industry begins with the acquisition of content which typically involves the contract signing between artists and the company to formalize the production of an album. The record label will then start the production of the album by allocating fund in order to cover the costs of providing a producer and engineers or subcontracting with an artist's own team. After the record is produced, discs are manufactured which is typically simultaneous with the launching of aggressive marketing efforts to promote the album [4]. Distribution of the album is usually done by the marketing arm of the record label. Artists heavily rely in the name and reputation of the label for their releases to succeed. The strong marketing muscle of the company has a large influence for different media in the promotion of an artist's music. Record label and music

How Higher Education is more than Academics- A Reflection on the Essay

How Higher Education is more than Academics- A Reflection on the Decision Making Process - Essay Example The objective of higher learning institution is to ensure that the learners get sufficient knowledge that will enable them to be important members of the society. This Calls for the cooperation of the students since they are the beneficiaries. The aim of this paper is to discuss the decision-making process of students in higher learning institutions; and why they should remain honest and not break the honor code. In every learning institution examinations are used to rate the academic qualifications of the students. The Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education has offered a proper definition of academic standards as precise levels of academic achievement employed in the explanation and gauging of academic needs and accomplishments (Materu, 55). The University code requires students to embrace honesty in their tests and class assignments. In the academic life, students usually face the challenge in deciding on ethics and choice. When it comes to examinations and assignments, it is usually the decision of the student to behave ethically and embrace honesty in his or her work or to choose to take part in illegal group discussion or to copy the work from the internet. The decision a student makes pertaining the testing and assignments, will affect him positively or negatively. For instance if a student decides to cheat in an examination, it is a very risky decision because if he is caught, he is likely to be discontinued from the University if proved guilty (Forest & Kinser, 280). This will be a very big loss to the student and the society since the student will not attain his academic goal, thus hindering him from pursuing his or her career. It is important for the students to embrace honesty since dishonesty is destructive to the victims, parents, the instructors and the colleagues. Whenever the college education of a student is terminated, everyone feels the loss. The students should work hard by ensuring that

Web Accessibility Standards Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Web Accessibility Standards - Essay Example These standards provide the parameter, to make a place, website etc more easily accessible to people with disabilities. However, the standards are not same for every aspect of life that is to be made more accessible. The accessibility standards are different for physical structure and for the electronic structure like websites because the accessibility need for both is different. The focus of web accessibility is primarily on two issues first being the means of assessing electronic information by disabled users and the second being the good collaborative function of assistive devices on the web pages (Moss, pp. 23-25). In this regard, â€Å"Web Accessibility Initiative† provides guidelines known as â€Å"Web Content Accessibility Guidelines† (Moss, pp. 22-23). To date, two guidelines have been published known as â€Å"WCAG 1.0† in 1999 and â€Å"WCAG 2.0† in 2008 (Moss, pp. 24-26). The latest set of guidelines i.e. â€Å"WCAG 2.0† is an improved version, which unlike the previous version uses simple language and real-world examples so that the guidelines are simple to understand. This document has eliminated some previous out of date version guidelines like: Although no development has been made in term of accessibility, considerations and they represent old issues. However, the five most important accessibility considerations, which the web developer is to keep in his mind while designing and modifying any website are: Rich media content accessibility: Rich media like audio and video content is to be made accessible to all. Addition of transcripts and separate narrative track to the rich media help in it to be more accessible. Navigation: As mostly navigation system is based on graphics, making the image accessible will make navigation assessable right away. Use of access key and table index helps improve keyboard navigation.

The Accused Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Accused - Movie Review Example They fail to realize that the form of sexual aggression depicted in The Accused has much to do with the social attitudes towards women. Thereby, though such depiction of sexual aggression at public places, as depicted in The Accused may not be very common today, yet, the underlying attitudes towards women that constituted the basis of such sexual aggression in public, as shown in the movie, are as rampant today as they happened to be in the 80s, the period in which the movie unfolds itself. It is a fact supported by many credible social surveys that a significant proportion of the women in the United States of America have been the target of some sort of sexual violence or aggression. There is a significant chunk of the male population that happens to be in doubt as to what exactly constitutes consensual sex. There are many males who believe that forced sex is acceptable under some circumstances, especially under such circumstances where they can get away with their sexual crudeness. The irony is that there also happen to be many women who believe or perhaps are made to believe that sexual aggression does happen to be acceptable in some situations. It is sad to acknowledge that in the contemporary society, patriarchal views and norms do still happen to be rampant. Many a time people do evince a callous attitude towards the victims of sexual violence and simply fail to understand as to what sort of impact does raw sexual aggression could have on women. Today, the kind o f public sexual aggression depicted in The Accused may not be evident. Still, when it comes to the victims of sexual aggression, there are people who blame the victims for such behavior. Sadly, in many cases of sexual aggression and sexual violence, the victims do end up considering themselves being responsible for what happened to them. In the current times, there are men who simply fail to grasp as to how

Literary Analysis of Bartleby the Scrivener Essay Example for Free

Literary Analysis of Bartleby the Scrivener Essay Bartleby the Scrivener could be described as a story about getting rid of its title character, about the narrators attempt to get rid of Bartleby, and Bartlebys tenacious capacity to be always there. It is the story of an unnamed lawyer and his employee, Bartleby, a copyist of law documents. Confronted not only with Bartlebys refusal to do work (first to read copies against the original, then to copy altogether), but also with the contagious nature of the particular words of his refusal (Bartlebys peculiar I would prefer not to), the narrator concludes that, before Bartleby turns the tongues any further of those with whom he comes into contact, he must get rid of Bartleby. At the same time Bartleby feels mobbed in his privacy (27) when the other office workers crowd him behind his screen, they in turn are invaded by his idiosyncrasy his private idiom prefer. Bartlebys presence breaks down the clear distinctions between public and private, professional and domestic, between privacy and the mob. By pinpointing Bartleby as the cause of infectious language (language turned bad), the narrator wants to stop the course of a process (the turning of tongues) already in progress. But getting rid of Bartleby is as tricky as getting rid of a chronic condition; the narrator emphasizes a phrase which appears textually in italics: he was always there (20). Bartleby is, as the narrator calls him, a nuisance (40), an intolerable incubus. As a character in the story with a body, he moves very little, but the few words he speaks break out at unexpected moments in the office. Every attempt the narrator makes to control the passive Bartleby and his infectious language fails hilariously (Schehr 97). The narrator experiences a curious tension between the impossible imperative (on the level of the story) to get rid of the subject, and the impossibility (on the level of the narration) to write his complete biography (Bartlebys history). Thus, Bartleby is also a fable about writing history or biography. In attempting to write what he thinks of as Bartlebys biography, the narrator merely misnames his writing project, or he emphasizes it from the wrong point of view. In search of Bartlebys origins, the narrator does not simply narrate (as he thinks) the history of Bartleby the Scrivener; he relates rather the story of his own anxiety vis-a-vis Bartleby. In particular, he relates his anxiety over the scriveners silence and modes of breaking that silence; for we could say that, rather than speaking very little or in particular ways, Bartleby has particular ways of occasionally breaking silence. It is this violence in speech, this unexpected eruption, which the narrator fears. The narrator, whose acquaintances describe him as an eminently safe man, who likes nothing better than the cool tranquility of a snug retreat (4), is thrown decidedly off kilter when faced with what he terms Bartlebys passive resistance (17). Bartlebys weapon is his total indifference to truth, whereas the narrator seeks a second opinion on truth from the other office mates. Bartleby could be seen as the one solid block around which the narrator writes his own story about truth rather than the truth about the Bartleby story. Bartlebys passive resistance actually generates the story confronted with it, the narrator creates theories (his doctrine of assumptions, for instance), carries on debates with himself, and seeks the counsel of others all with the opaque Bartleby as the core. In reconstructing Bartlebys story, the narrator follows an implicit logic which he never directly states. It is the logic of cause and effect. (He is not deliberately hiding this logic, but because he takes its validity for granted, he never comments on it critically. ) Believing in the possibility of finding a specific, locatable, and nameable cause to Bartlebys condition (as he is able to do with the other office workers, Nippers and Turkey, whose moods vary according to their diets and the time of day), the narrator thinks that by eradicating the cause of the problem, he can alter the effects, the effects of Bartlebys speaking condition in the office space. McCall follows the same logic as the narrator in seeking causes of Bartlebys behavior. He mentions remark that when the narrator asks Bartleby to run an errand for him at the post office, that is probably the last place, if the rumor is correct, that Bartleby would ever want to go. (McCall 129). The narrator never considers that his line of reasoning might be faulty — that Bartlebys condition may not be linked to a specific, locatable, nameable cause. We as readers may be placed in the same position as the narrator in that we never know either the origin of Bartlebys condition; we witness primarily its effects, or symptoms, in the story. These symptoms reside not only in Bartleby as individual character, but in the very way the narrator tells the story about that character. Rather than speaking about the cause of Bartlebys condition, one could more aptly speak about the ways in which its effects are spread to other characters within the text. When the narrator impatiently summons Bartleby to join and help the others in the scenario of group reading, Bartleby responds, I would prefer not to (14). Hearing this response the narrator turns into a pillar of salt (14). (Faced with Bartlebys responses and sheer presence, the narrator oftentimes evokes images of his losing, then waking to, consciousness. ) When he recovers his senses, he tries to reason with Bartleby, who in the meantime has retreated behind his screen. The narrator says: These are your own copies we are about to examine. It is labor saving to you, because one examination will answer for your four papers. It is common usage. Every copyist is bound to help examine his copy. Is it not so? Will you not speak? Answer! (15) The narrator is exasperated when Bartleby does not respond immediately to the logic behind his work ethic. These are your own copies we are about to examine. It is labor saving to you. Examining or reading copy is a money saving activity, from which every member of the office profits (four documents for the price of one reading! ). Every copyist is bound to help examine his copy. To the contract the lawyer emphatically demands from his employee, a bond based on an exchange of reading, Bartleby replies three times, gently, in a flutelike tone, I (would) prefer not to (15). By refusing to read copy, Bartleby refuses to consent to the economy of the office. It is perhaps only to another type of reading, one not based on a system of exchange and profit, which Bartleby consents. Although the narrator says he has never seen Bartleby reading — not even a newspaper (24) — he does often notice him staring outside the window of the office onto a brick wall. Staring at the dead brick wall (in what the narrator calls Bartlebys dead-wall reveries) may be Bartlebys only form of reading, taking the place of the economy-based reading demanded of him in the process of verifying copies. About halfway through the story, the lawyer/narrator visits his office on a Sunday morning and, discovering a blanket, soap and towel, a few crumbs of ginger nuts and a morsel of cheese, deduces that the scrivener never leaves the office. Realizing the full impact of Bartlebys condition, he states, What I saw that morning persuaded me that the scrivener was the victim of innate and incurable disorder. (25) The narrator clearly locates the disorder in Bartleby. Seeing himself in the role of diagnostician and healer, he himself is faced with the hopelessness of remedying excessive and organic ill (24). The narrators concern about an individual medical cure should more aptly be a concern about an obsessively private rhetorical debate or a dangerously idiomatic group contagion (Perry 409). Despite his assumption that Bartleby is incurable, or perhaps precisely because he can effect no cure, the narrator beleaguers himself throughout the story with questions or commands to do something about Bartleby (McCall 9). If the private mans disorder can be passed on to another (one) person, what happens when the condition is let loose out of close quarantine into the public space of the office? Bartleby walks a precarious tightrope between comedy and tragedy (Inge 25). The tragic dimension often resides in the narrators turning inward on himself (a sort of tragic compression), then putting himself on trial, an interior moment of accusation which eventually results in the collapse of the narrative in a single sigh or exclamation (Ah, Bartleby! Ah, humanity! 46). The comic effects are often related to the authoritarian attempt (and failure) to contain the spread of idiom as contagion (Perry 412). If Bartleby has been a figure for tragedy in the lone meditation of the narrator, he becomes a figure for comedy in his contact with his office mates Nippers and Turkey. The more the narrator tries to regulate the contact between the three, the more hilarious — and significantly out of control — is Bartlebys influence. The effort to contain or control tends actually to promote the epidemic proportions of the narrative. It is the narrator himself who uses a vocabulary of contagion in relation to Bartleby. He says he has had more than ordinary contact (3) with other scriveners he has known. Bartleby exceeds this already extraordinary contact he has been touched by handling dead letters (Schehr 99). Some critics reproduce the narrators language of contagion in talking about Bartleby. McCall, in his study on The Silence of Bartleby, describes our response, the collective readers response, to reading the tale: As we go through the story, we watch with a certain delight how Bartleby is catching. We root for the spread of the bug. (145) In a somewhat less delighted vein, Borges says, Bartlebys frank nihilism contaminates his companions and even the stolid man who tells Bartlebys story. (Borges 8) In the office scenes where the employees and boss come inevitably together, the bug word is Bartlebys prefer. Nippers uses it mockingly against the narrator as a transitive action verb when he overhears Bartlebys words of refusal to the narrators plea to be a little reasonable. Bartleby echoes, At present I would prefer not to be a little reasonable (26). If Nippers is suffering from his own peculiar and chronic condition of indigestion, he takes on the symptoms of Bartlebys condition when he exclaims to the narrator, Prefer not, eh? – Id prefer him, if I were you sir, Id prefer him; Id give him preferences, the stubborn mule! What is it, sir, pray, that he prefers not to do now? (26) Whereas later in the story the narrator totally loses his critical skill to catch himself in his speech, in this exchange he is still able to articulate the effect Bartlebys word is having on him. He notes anxiously, Somehow, of late, I had got into the way of involuntarily using the word prefer upon all sorts of not exactly suitable occasions. (27) It is this qualifier not exactly which is of particular interest. Bartlebys use of words is not exactly wrong. Prefer is so insidious because it is only slightly askew, dislocated, idiosyncratic. As McCall accurately notes about the power of Bartlebys I prefer not to, one must hear, in the little silence that follows it, how the line delivers two contradictory meanings, obstinacy and politeness. (152) The line calls just enough attention to itself so as to attract others to its profoundly mixed message (its perfect yes and no) in an imitative way (McCall 152). Prefer is as inobtrusive, as contagious, and as revolutionary as a sneeze. The narrator lets it out of his mouth involuntarily. When Turkey enters the scene and uses the bug word without realizing it (without Nippers italicized parody or the narrators critical comments), the narrator says to him, in a slightly excited tone, So you have got the word, too (27). In this pivotal sentence, the verb get implies to receive (as in to receive a word or message), but more strikingly for our discussion here, it implies the verb to catch one catches the word as one would catch a cold. The narrator attempts to monitor the contagion by naming the bug and pointing it out to the others. But the word mocks everyones will to control it prefer pops up six times in the next half a page — four times unconsciously in the speech of one of the employees, and twice consciously (modified by word) in the narration of the lawyer. Bartleby could be described as a story of the intimacy or anxiety a lawyer feels for the law-copyist he employs. The narrator arranges a screen in the corner of his office behind which Bartleby may work. Pleased with the arrangement of placing Bartleby behind the screen in near proximity to his own desk, the narrator states, Thus, in a manner, privacy and society were conjoined (12). The narrator idealizes the possibility of a perfect harmony between privacy and community in the work environment, but it is precisely the conflict between these two spatial conditions which generates the story, defining not only Bartlebys idiocy, but the narrators as well. The narrator most characteristically encounters Bartleby emerging from his retreat (13) or retiring into his hermitage (26). The screen isolates Bartleby from the view of the narrator, but not from his voice. Works Cited Borges, Jorge Luis. Prologue to Herman Melvilles Bartleby in Herman Melvilles Billy Budd, Benito Cereno, Bartleby the Scrivener, and Other Tales, ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987 Inge, Thomas M. , ed. Bartleby the Inscrutable. Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1979. McCall, Dan. The Silence of Bartleby. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1989. Melville, Herman. Billy Budd and Other Stories. New York: Penguin Books, 1986. Perry, Dennis R. Ah, Humanity: Compulsion Neuroses in Melvilles Bartleby. Studies in Short Fiction 23. 4 (fall 1987): 407-415. Schehr, Lawrence R. Dead Letters: Theories of Writing in Bartleby the Scrivener Enclitic vii. l (spring 1983): 96-103.

Robert Frost And Nature Themes

Robert Frost And Nature Themes Robert Frost was one of the few leading poets of the 20th-century and won the Pulitzer Prize four times. Frost was a poet from rural New England, but his poems could be related to any part of the world. After college Robert Frost moved to England and published a few poems while there. He closely observed rural life and in his poetry endowed it with universal, even metaphysical, meaning, using colloquial language, familiar rhythms, and common symbols to express both its pastoral ideals and its dark complexities (Britannica Concise Encyclopedia 1). Nature is an everyday detail that people infrequently take time to appreciate and sometimes take it for granted; its what makes the world beautiful. In several of Robert Frosts poems like The Road Not Taken, Fire and Ice, and Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening they reflect nature, he recognizes the beauty and disaster of it. In the poem The Road Not Taken nature comes into play when Robert Frost introduces to the reader to a traveler that comes to a sudden halt at the site of a crossroad in yellow woods. The traveler of Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken is left to think about which path to travel on. Robert P. Ellis states On more than one occasion the poet claimed that this poem was about his friend Edward Thomas, a man inclined to indecisiveness out of a strong-and, as Frost thought, amusing-habit of dwelling on the irrevocability of decisions. After cautiously looking at of both routes, the traveler comes to the conclusion that both paths present a more interesting venture ahead. The traveler tells the reader that the woods are yellow which mean it could possibly be autumn. And looked down one as far as I could/To where it bent in the undergrowth (lines 4-5), this could mean the wood are thick and the road disappears in the undergrowth. The undergrowth would represent the travelers future that is uncle ar by which road he takes. Of the two means of travel, the traveler states that the passing there/Had worn them really about the same (lines 9-10) and both that morning equally lay/ In leaves no step had trodden black (11-12). There is a contradiction that one path is less worn than the other. These lines show us that the leaves have just fallen, and they cover which path was more or less traveled the day before. This line points out that there are times when you cant decide which decision is better. Without a clear solution to the problem, the character is left to think of any future consequences that could occur based on a decision of taken. As a result, the character comes to terms that the final destination is based only by chance and choice, but there are some regrets out the certain rode taken. Frosts work shows the general uncertainty of supposing a different result if another road was taken. The title suggests this feeling of doubt, where the road not taken is mentioned with greater standard than the actual course of travel. Missing the chance to travel both/ And be one traveler (2-3), one path must function as the chosen way and the other the other way, both with no indication of which is the better to travel. As a result, once the picked road is traveled, the other way holds a lingering reminder of what may have been lost just by chance. After a predictable self-evaluation of the travelers life, trying to figure out if he took full advantage of the available opportunities perceived as a frightening challenge for there will always be an ambiguity lingering around the other path. The traveler uneasily comes to terms with reality, and eventually determines the pointlessness on matters of the imagination. So, with a sigh (16), the traveler states that he took advantage of t he opportunities as they were given to him. Taking the chosen path has made all the difference (20). The decision determined the travelers overall course in life to the result that the other road couldve pointed the speaker to go in the complete opposite direction of his destination. This was the first Robert Frost poem I have ever read. The first time I read it I could easily relate to it. I do believe that this is one poem where anyone that reads it will be able to relate to it. I have been met with numerous decisions in like that are life changing. From which college I wanted to go to, to what major I want to study, and to fall or not to fall to peer pressure. All together, I enjoyed reading this poem. I like how Robert Frost compares a fork in the road to everyday life decisions we make. In the poem Fire and Ice Robert Frost compares two elements of nature fire and ice. Fire and Ice is straightforward in its message that emotions become destructive when they are too extreme, destructive enough even to end the world (Explanation of: Fire and Ice by Robert Frost). In the first two lines Some say the world will end in fire/Some say in ice (Lines1-2) the poem he presents the option to end of the world by fire or ice. He then talks about fire in the next two lines and compares fire to desire From what Ive tasted of desire/ I hold with those who favor fire (3-4). The comparison states that Frost sees desire as something that takes over and brings devastation. In the next stanza Frost then compares ice to hate. This comparison relates to the reader a view of hate as something that causes people to be unyielding, lifeless and cold. Ice also has the tendency to take in things and cause them to crack and break. The final line of the poem asserts that these two vicious forces a re evenly great. Fire consumes and destroys quickly, leaving ashes. In The overview Explanation of: Fire and Ice by Robert Frost it talk about how two opposites like fire and ice or passion and hatred can easily be linked together. While ice or hatred, destroys much slower. It causes objects to become so lifeless that they crack from the pressure created. Frost imagines that the end of the world could be caused by people becoming too strict, lifeless, and set in their way of life and beliefs that the world breaks apart into pieces. Stopping by Woods is a much stranger poem than may appear at first. From the opening lines, we know that the story is being told from the speakers point of view (Whose woods these are I think I know), but we may never bother to consider whom the man is addressing.(Monte). Robert Frosts love of nature is expressed through out the poem with the setting. His perfect description of the woods brings clear images to the readers head. The woods are lovely, dark and deep (line 13) the way Frost describes the wood would make the reader seem like they were there. The feel of Robert Frosts Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening is set by the only other sounds the sweep / of easy wind and downy flake (11-12). The first line in the poem talks about the woods. In the poem Frost says that the narrator enjoyed sitting and watching the snow and that he is also a nature lover. In the second stanza Frost refers back to the woods. The depth and darkness of the woods make the woods gloomier. The snow elimi nates the limits and boundaries of things and of his own being is, the function here of some secret desire toward destruction. The setting of the poem is in the woods. John T. Ogilvie explains the peace of the woods by stating The artfulness of Stopping by Woods consists in the way the two worlds are established and balanced. The poet is aware that the woods by which he is stopping belong to someone in the village; they are owned by the world of men. The traveler sees something in the woods that attracts him making the woods a special place. It appears that speaker has connected the woods with his paradise. The tranquility, dimness, and silence are what make it paradise. The traveler knows that he is not able stay put in this paradise, But I have promises to keep/And miles to go before I sleep (14-15).The traveler doesnt want to leave the peaceful woods, but he has made other promises that he must keep. Frost repeats the last two lines and miles to go before I sleep (15-16), this co uld stress the importance of this promise that was made, and to give the traveler a reason to leave. Further, Frost repeated the last two lines of the poem partially as a matter of form: What it [the repetend or repeated lines] does is save me from a third line promising another stanza . . . . I considered for a moment four of a kind in the last stanza but that would have made five including the third in the stanza before it. I considered for a moment winding up with a three line stanza. The repetend was the only logical way to end such a poem. (Hochman) Nature has its own way of relaxing the mind and body. Frost may have believed the same. Frosts use of colorful imagery helps other readers appreciate the serenity of nature. Stopping by Woods is an excellent poem uses symbolism and setting perfectly. I enjoyed this poem and I also like the meaning. This poem is telling you to stop and smell the roses and enjoys life. During winter is a time when most people are lone in solitude. Being isolated can be miserable, but it could all so be a time to collect thoughts without any annoyance of the outside world coming down on you. Nature is something that can bring about personal reflection in anyone. In many of Robert Frosts poems he tends to reflect on nature, and he recognizes the beauty and disaster of it.Robert Frost is an amazing poet. His ideas and the way he uses nature are perfect and are valued by many. Frost uses nature to put across his views as well as to make his poetry more interesting than it already is. His poems make it easy to imagine the setting in your mind through the detail he provides.

TESCO Marketing and Financial Analysis

TESCO Marketing and Financial Analysis Jump to: Marketing Mix of TESCO | SWOT Analysis of Tesco | PESTLE Analysis of Tesco | Porters 5 Forces Analysis of TESCO Tesco company obtained its name and begun its first operations in 1929 when Jack Cohen consolidated his small-scale business by joining forces with T. E. Stockwell. By 1939, Tesco owned a hundred operational stores that were cushioned by its creative innovations both in warehousing and stock control. Currently, there is some degree of affection that the people from the working class maintain for the company and it can be traced back to the beginning of Second World War when the company was the first one to introduce food-rationing way before the government did. Tesco undertook its first expansion when it opened a store in Hungary in 1995. Other international expansions followed in 1990s and they include expansion to Thailand, the Republic of Ireland, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Northern Ireland, Taiwan, and South Korea (Tesco Corporate, 2008). Tesco is now the Britains largest food retailer, employing over 240,000 people worldwide and has remarkable net yearly profits of over  £1 billion. Tesco serves a total of twelve international markets, including a store in California in the United States opened in 2007 as well as all areas of the United Kingdom. The company is head quartered in Delamare Rd. Cheshunt, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom. Products and Services range Tesco offers a broad range of products and services, spanning across several sectors and industries. Toscos retail outlets offer groceries, electrical and entertainment goods, mobile phones and accessories and clothing. Other products include those it offers in its direct business that provides other categories of items like Jewelries and watches, sound and vision, grocery; DIY and car maintenance; sports and leisure; toys and gifts; home and bathroom; baby and toddler and furniture and kitchen (Tesco Corporate, 2008). Brands The company has several brands including adminstore, dobbies Garden, clubcard, cullens, harts, homever, kipa, Tesco, Tesco Express, Tesco extra store, Tesco homeplus, teco.com, Tesco.net, Tesco metro and ISP. The Marketing Mix Market orientation in cooperates satisfying the market through an understanding and response to the local needs of the final and intermediate customers, competitors and the macro-environment leading to superior performance. Tesco as been able to market mix through its emphasis on customer needs through its values philosophy no one tries harder for customers; treat people how we like to be treated. Which are disseminated through an internal marketing strategy by distributing the companys papers to its employees (Mockler, 2002). Another way Tesco has succeeded in market mixing is the use of its clubcard loyalty card scheme and websites like tesco.com. Through these, the company has been able to acquire a significant customer base, which an analysis can be performed on. Clubcard significantly influence consumer behaviour in the UK and its closely integrated with the business processes and aligns with the brand and brand strategy. Tesco utilizes the use of online services to enhance its customer experience. These include establishing a site that easy to use, faster, relevant, valuable, serviceable and enhance product development (Rowley, 2008). In addition, Tesco has developed other online products to meet new customer needs like offering of music download and developing grocery delivery services that includes wine and white goods. Tesco also use its product range to create stronger customer experience as a customer is able to purchase a range of products in a single store. In addition, online services have been made easier hence; a customer takes the shortest time with least effort to complete and order creating better customer experience. Tesco uses technology to gather marketing information and planning. First, is the scanning of clubcard to derive information required for customer database. Secondly, is the ability of customers to collect points through the scheme through transactions with various partners and the online services (Grant, 2005). Thirdly, is the data analysis process which Tesco has paid a lot of attention in its design hence ensuring an adequate database, data currency, data equality and tight control of data analysis costs. Tesco another marketing mix is the their astute response to perceived opportunities and threats like entering UK market with express format in 1995 and by refining same format Tesco opened new generation of express units which included pre-fabricated facilities. Tesco operate as the worlds leading internet grocer and runs financial services through a joint venture with the Royal Bank of Scotland. Tesco utilises the technique of entering markets where competition is weak or fragmented hence there is no presence of established global retail giants (Hirsh, 2008). Tesco is very adaptable to its marketing strategies like the idea of not introducing the use of clubcard scheme in US newly opened stores since research found out that most consumer were cynical about the concept. SWOT Analysis (S)trengths: Tescos strengths in grocery retail allow it to compete easily with companies like Sainsbury, ASDA, and Marks Spencer. This has led to its brand name and financial power becoming strengths in themselves. This has led to many more stores being built at home and abroad, leading to geographical strength. The introduction of Tesco Express and Tesco metro show led to strength in flexibility to increase market share. (W)eaknesses: The SWOT analysis of Tesco reveals several weaknesses that include great amount of fossil fuel that is being used in its transport network. With an ever increasing oil prices,  Tesco needs to keep a close monitoring of its transport costs. Another weakness is the Tescos high dependence on the UK grocery market, which is affected by political factors hence it is need to increase its foreign outlets and selling other goods. (O)pportunities: The main opportunities for Tesco, is in the online arena. Tesco has already had many online successes, having turned the Amazon threat into an opportunity by selling books at lower prices (Caves Porter, 1977). Tesco biggest problem in pursuing possible opportunities is deciding exactly which ones to pursue and this is definitely a nice position to be. (T)hreats: Possible threats to Tesco include fluctuations in the stock market and tax increases.  Most companies worry about taxes, and have an objective of decreasing the tax burden. But probably the biggest threat is innovation and competition by other supermarkets, including Asda, Sainsbury, Morrison, and Waitrose. PESTLE Analysis Political factors: Tesco operates in a globalize environment, as it owns stores in other countries hence its performance is highly influenced by the prevailing political and legislative conditions in these countries. Employment legislations encourage retailers to provide a mix of job opportunities and in Tesco implementing legislations, it offers employment opportunities to a larger number of students, disabled and the elderly who are being paid at lower rates and due to high staff turnover, these employees become loyal and desirable to the company (George, 1994). Environmental factors: Considering the fact that in recent times successes of many retail dealers have been threatened by societal concerns regarding environmental issues; Tescos corporate social responsibility is concerned with the ways in which the organization is to exceed the minimum obligations to other stakeholders specified through regulation and corporate governance. The government has a strategy in place that promotes sustainable production and consumption to cut on waste, reduced consumption of resources and to minimize levels damage to the environmental (Heiens, 1990). This legislation has increased costs that are incurred on advertising highly processed and fatty foods. This directly affects the already adapted Toscos product ranges thus affecting relationships with both suppliers and customers Social /cultural factors: Tesco has increased the amount of non-food items that are available for sale as current trend indicate that as result of variable social changes most of British customers have moved towards one stop and bulk shopping. Customers function and social conditioning is reflected by the type of goods and services they demand hence affect their attitudes and beliefs. Currently, customers are becoming aware of health issues and hence constant changing attitudes towards foods. Tesco has been able to adapt to the evolving product mix by accommodating the increased demand for organic foods. Thirdly, demographic changes as aging has led to increased working females resulting in reduced home meal preparation hence Tesco now focus on value-added products and services as well as adopting its own label share of the business mix. Technological factors: This is a major variable that has influenced development of many Tesco products and these newly adopted technologies benefit the company and its customers by raising customers satisfaction through increased goods availability, availability of more convenient shopping experience and more personalized services. Tesco utilize the following technologies in its operations: Radio Frequency Identification, intelligent scale, wireless devices, self-check out machine and electronic labeling (McGahan, 2004). In addition, communication of needs to customers in real time has been made possible through the adoption of Electronic point of Scale (EPoS), electronic scanners and the Electronic Funds Transfer Systems (EFTPos). Legislative factors: Governmental intervention in regulation of some operation in the industry through formation of bodies to regulate the code of practices and the issues of monopoly. These legislations and policies directly impacts on the performance of Tesco, for instance the body concerned with Code of practice prevents the company from demanding payments from its suppliers and the privilege of changing agreed prices without notice (Yip, 2004). Also policies on monopoly (license requirements and limits to access raw materials) reduce buyers power and limits entry in to the sector. For Tesco to implement politically correct pricing policies it has to lower price on promoted goods while compensatively raising prices on other goods. Economic factors: economic factors influence the companys costs, demand, price and profits thus highly influential factors like unemployment greatly decrease effective demand for goods affecting the demand of production of such goods. Most of these factors are out of control of the Tesco Company thus its effects on marketing mix if profound (Merrilees Fry, 2005). The company is therefore reliant on intentional business, which yields greater profits to the company. Competitive Analysis: Porters 5 Forces Bargaining power of suppliers: This is a force represented by the power of suppliers that can be influenced by other major grocery chains and the fear of loosing their businesses to other well-established chains or supermarkets (Henry, 2008). To counter this force, Tesco and Asda have negotiated for better promotional prices from suppliers that the smaller chains cannot match with. Some of the UK-based suppliers are threatened by the growing ability of larger chins like Tesco to source their products from abroad at cheaper deals and hence this forces of competitive rivalry has reduced the profit margins if Tesco and other chains and suppliers. Threat of new entrants: Most of UK grocery market is dominated by few supermarket business competitors and major brands from Tesco, Asda, Safeway and Sainsbury own a larger stake of the market. These chains have been able to build their power on one-stop shopping, major market mix adventure and on operating efficiency thus, greatly affecting traditional shops and creating a barrier to new companies who desire to enter the grocery market. This is possible through of high capital, due to highly developed chains and large fixed costs. In addition, other barriers include economies of scale and differentiation because of Tesco and Asda engaging in aggressive operational tactics in product development, promotion and better distribution. Tesco .Tesco has put huge investments in advanced technology for checkouts and stock control systems have affected both new entrants and existing ones. Bargaining power of competitors: The sector of grocery retailing as been growing significantly both in market size and in dominance. There has been an increased retailer concentration as well as utilization of a range of a range of formats. The purchasing power of the food-retailing industry is often concentrated in the hands of a relatively small number of retail buyers. Tesco is accruing larger customer information to help it communicate with its customers as well as to try to satisfy their sophisticated demands. This highly competitive market has led to accelerated level of development resulting to retailer innovativeness in order to maintain and build market share through development of trading formats in response to consumer changes. Dominant market leaders like Tesco have responded by focusing on price and value while reinforcing added-value of their elements. Bargaining power of customers: Porter theorized that the more products that become standardized or undifferentiated, the lower the switching cost, and hence, more power is yielded to buyers Porter M. (1980). Tesco has been able to achieve this through the use of its club card, loyalty card. It is the companys retention strategy which has increased its profitability. In addition, Tesco brands have controlled and retained its customer base through customized services, better choices, low pricing and maintaining a constant inflow of in-store promotions (Scott Graiser. 2004). Large number of customers demands to do shopping in supermarkets that sell non-food items hence providing them with new strategic expansion into other new market like pharmacies and banking sector. Most customers are now informed of fair trade and the influence of western consumers on the expectations and aspirations of third world producers. Finally, production of ecologically and ethically sound consumer produce like coffee and tea is a viable venture and are therefore readily available in majority of chain stores. Threats of substitutes: General substitution reduces demand of a product because there is a threat of consumers switching to other alternatives. (Porter, 1980). In grocery industry there is a product-product and substitute from need further weakened by new brands. Tesco and other players are now trying to acquire existing small-scale operations by opening metro and express stations in local towns and city centres.

The Theme of Identity in Sonnys Blues Essay example -- Literary Analy

James Baldwin's short story "Sonny's Blues" highlights the struggle because community involvement and individual identity. Baldwin's "leading theme - the discovery of identity - is nowhere presented more successfully than in the short story 'Sonny's Blues" (Reilly 56). Individuals breeds isolation and even persecution by the collective, dominant community. This conflict is illustrated in three ways. First, the story presents the alienation of Sonny from his brother, the unnamed narrator. Second, Sonny's legal problems suggest that independence can cause the individual to break society's legal conventions. Finally, the text draws heavily from biblical influences. Sonny returns to his family just like the prodigal son, after facing substantial trials and being humiliated. The story's allusion to the parable of the prodigal son reflects Baldwin's profound personal interest in Christianity and the bible. First of all, the identity of Sonny is contrasted sharply with his brother, the narrator. The most obvious difference between the two is their names. Sonny's name is prominent and part of the story's theme. Sonny's brother, on the other hand, is never given a name. Despite being the voice and the perspective of the story, the narrator does not have a distinct identity. He is known solely by his relationship with others, his status as a brother, a son, a husband and a father. The omission of the brother's name by the author is clearly intended. By having no defined identity, the brother stands in as the representative of the black community. The narrator is a responsible family man. His job as a high school math teacher illustrates his interest in helping others through education. His decision to marry suggests that he is respons... ...ny does suffer isolation, persecution and imprisonment. However, he finds redemption in the eyes of his brother without sacrificing his individualism. Sonny manages to use music to bridge the gap, taking a greater responsibility for his reintegration into family and community than the prodigal son. Works Cited Albert, Richard. "The Jazz-Blues Motif in James Baldwin's 'Sonny's Blues," College Literature Vol. 11, No. 2 (Spring, 1984): 178-185. Booth, Alison, Hunter, J. Paul and Mays, Kelly (eds.). The Norton Introduction to Literature, Ninth Edition. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company, 2005. Reilly, John M. "Sonny's Blues: James Baldwin's Image of black community," Negro American Literature Forum Vol. 4, No. 2 (July, 1970): 55-60. Tackach, James. "The biblical foundation of James Baldwin's 'Sonny's Blues,'" Renascence Vol. 59, No. 2 (2007): 109-117.

Linking Brain and Behavior: Reflections on Neurodegenerative Diseases and Fetal Neural Transplantat :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Linking Brain and Behavior: Reflections on Neurodegenerative Diseases and Fetal Neural Transplantation Neurodegenerative diseases are caused by malfunctions within the motor sector of the nervous system. These malfunctions, which are caused by the presence or absence of hormones, are a direct result of neural cell deterioration within the brain. Thus, biological problems of the brain, or rather predicaments arising between cellular connections within the brain, and the treatment of such conditions, illustrate how the brain organizes movement and behavior (11). The brain is the body's communication headquarters. It obtains a myriad of information from various parts of the sensory system and processes this information in an organized fashion. It then relays sensory input to different parts of the motor system. Such messages from the brain dictate specific muscular and behavioral patterns. Thus, this neural system is highly depended on a cause and effect system, where the slightest offset to the assembly-line fashion of cellular interaction results in major behavioral abnormalities(11). Moreover, there are two particular areas of the brain that are specifically related to motor malfunctions: the substania nigra and the striatum (the caudate nucleus and the putamen). The cells of the nigra synapse with cells of the striatum, which serves as the controller of motor functions such as walking, balance, and muscular movement. Information from the nigra cells passes through the synapses with the aid of a specific hormone, dopamine, which is a signi ficant chemical transmitter in the brain. Because the existence of dopamine is essential to the function of the substania nigra, it is also essential for the various muscular activities controlled by the striatum, such as walking, balance, etc (9). Neurodegenerative diseases, like Parkinson's Disease and Huntington's disease, thus, illustrate two very different behavioral patterns that are subsequently caused by two opposite and extreme biological abnormalities, where the nigra-striatum neural communication assemblage is hampered. Parkinson's disease (PD) results from a depletion in the amount of dopamine produced by the brain. At the onset of the disease, dopamine-secreting cells of the substania nigra, either because of genetic factors or environmental toxins, experience mass cell death. Thus, the nigra cells are unable to form synapses through which they secrete and relay dopamine to the striatum in a neural circuit within the basal ganglia (11). The striatum is also a coordination center for chemical messengers. When there is a decrease in dopamine levels, the striatum experiences a chemical imbalance (2). Linking Brain and Behavior: Reflections on Neurodegenerative Diseases and Fetal Neural Transplantat :: Biology Essays Research Papers Linking Brain and Behavior: Reflections on Neurodegenerative Diseases and Fetal Neural Transplantation Neurodegenerative diseases are caused by malfunctions within the motor sector of the nervous system. These malfunctions, which are caused by the presence or absence of hormones, are a direct result of neural cell deterioration within the brain. Thus, biological problems of the brain, or rather predicaments arising between cellular connections within the brain, and the treatment of such conditions, illustrate how the brain organizes movement and behavior (11). The brain is the body's communication headquarters. It obtains a myriad of information from various parts of the sensory system and processes this information in an organized fashion. It then relays sensory input to different parts of the motor system. Such messages from the brain dictate specific muscular and behavioral patterns. Thus, this neural system is highly depended on a cause and effect system, where the slightest offset to the assembly-line fashion of cellular interaction results in major behavioral abnormalities(11). Moreover, there are two particular areas of the brain that are specifically related to motor malfunctions: the substania nigra and the striatum (the caudate nucleus and the putamen). The cells of the nigra synapse with cells of the striatum, which serves as the controller of motor functions such as walking, balance, and muscular movement. Information from the nigra cells passes through the synapses with the aid of a specific hormone, dopamine, which is a signi ficant chemical transmitter in the brain. Because the existence of dopamine is essential to the function of the substania nigra, it is also essential for the various muscular activities controlled by the striatum, such as walking, balance, etc (9). Neurodegenerative diseases, like Parkinson's Disease and Huntington's disease, thus, illustrate two very different behavioral patterns that are subsequently caused by two opposite and extreme biological abnormalities, where the nigra-striatum neural communication assemblage is hampered. Parkinson's disease (PD) results from a depletion in the amount of dopamine produced by the brain. At the onset of the disease, dopamine-secreting cells of the substania nigra, either because of genetic factors or environmental toxins, experience mass cell death. Thus, the nigra cells are unable to form synapses through which they secrete and relay dopamine to the striatum in a neural circuit within the basal ganglia (11). The striatum is also a coordination center for chemical messengers. When there is a decrease in dopamine levels, the striatum experiences a chemical imbalance (2).

Jackie Robinson Essay -- essays research papers

The Great One   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  “ He struck a mighty blow for equality, freedom and the American way of life. Jackie Robinson was a good citizen, a great man, and the true American champion.'; Ronald Reagon. I don’t know if anyone could have summarized his life better. Jackie was a great influence to the American public. To over came diversity and succeed is a great accomplishment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jackie Roosevelt Robinson was born in Cairo, Georgia, January 31 1919. He went to college at the University of UCLA. Where he was a star in four sports basketball, baseball, football, and track. He is the only bruin to letter in four sports. After college he went to pursue a career in the Army. He soon became a lieutenant. He was put on honorable d...

Criticism Against the Modern Medicalization

Today the world in which we live in has faced steady medicalization of daily existence. Critics argue whether this leads to a favorable or a non favorable outcome. The establishment and development in medicine has become a major threat to health. Dependence on efficient health care affects all social relations. In rich countries medical colonization has reached sickening proportions whereas poor countries are quickly following suit. Medicalization, that â€Å"is the process by which human conditions and problems come to be defined and treated as medical conditions and problems, and thus come under the authority of doctors and other health professionals to study, diagnose, prevent or treat. † (wikipedia. org). In the modern world people feel dependant towards medical treatment no matter how minor it is. Whether the doctor is effective or not, it is an illusion what seems to be there in peoples’ hearts that they actually are being cured. Useless medical treatments, doctor-inflicted injuries, leave the patients helpless and as they are already defenceless and still consider themselves to be dependent on doctors. Modern Health care system has grown beyond limits in an unfavorable way. This can be said to happen due to 3 reasons. It must produce clinical damages which outweigh its potential benefits; it cannot but dim the political conditions which execute the society unhealthy; and it tends to assume the power of the individual to heal himself and to shape his or her environment. When it comes to producing medicine, Industrial progress is more being put into concern rather than personal growth. Such medicine is but a device to convince those who are sick and tired of society that it is they who are ill, incompetent and in need of technical repair. Most people are already doubtful about medicine and only need evidence to affirm their uncertainty. Doctors already find it necessary to boost their credibility by demanding that many treatments now common be officially prohibited. Medical performances which are considered as necessary are often so basic that restrictions are put on to them and are not acceptable to many politicians. Medications are costly and contain a high risk, which sometimes makes them not worth to be used. The world that we live in has experienced dramatic changes in the diseases afflicting population. Facts have proved that now a day’s early deaths are caused due to different diseases rather than accidents, violence, or suicide. During the past century deaths have been mainly due to different diseases for example malaria, typhoid, tuberculosis, measles, whooping cough, diphtheria, scarlet fever and many more. But the death rate has been fairly decreased due to the introduction of antibiotics and widespread immunization. Improved housing and better nutrition are also one of the factors that have caused the death rate to fall and keep people away from various deadly diseases. Past century has also experienced major malnutrition syndromes, such as rickets and pellagra. But these have been soon replaced by modern epidemics such as coronary heart disease, emphysema, bronchitis and obesity, hypertension, cancer, arthritis, diabetes, and the so called mental disorders. In a way, the elimination of old forms of mortality has increased life expectancy which now suffers from the new diseases. The trend experienced of the diseases afflicting the population shows that the environment is the primary determinant of the state of general health of the society. The food we eat, the houses we live in, the working conditions, neighbourhood coherence, as well as the cultural mechanisms, which make it possible to keep us stable, and play a major role in deciding how healthy we feel and at what age we tend to die. The life expectancy is no doubt increased due to more healthy way of living, but more and more diseases that are affecting people is not due to the number of doctors available, or the medical treatment. The new techniques available to recognize and treat unhealthy conditions by surgical interventions redefine but do not reduce despair. It is not surprising to see that where certain diseases have become rare, the number of doctors exceeds the need of people as compared to the places where those diseases are more to be found. Doctors tend to work in places where the climate is healthy, where the water is clean, and where people work and can pay for their services. Useless medical treatments also take place in cases where they are not necessarily needed. During the last century there have been many, but limited number of medical procedures that have indeed become effective and beneficial for the people. Those medical treatments which are designed for widespread diseases are comparatively cheaper than the ones used for unique or diseases that do not exist on a high scale. The cheap medical treatments are only in the case where they are monopolized for personal use, and they require a minimum of personal skills, materials or hotel services from hospitals. Many dangerous diseases such as malaria, paralytic poliomyelitis, whooping cough, and measles, medicines to cure these diseases have shown considerable progress. But for most other infections, medicine can show no comparable results. For many diseases medicine has a short term effect but for the long term, it tends to be unsuitable or ineffective. Heart diseases, different types of cancers are highly curable, but there are some stages of these diseases at which the diseases gets hard or impossible to be cured. Breast cancer for example is curable but in some cases it is impossible to be cured no matter how frequently medical checkups are being performed. Surgery and chemotherapy for rare congenital and rheumatic heart disease has increased the chances for an active life for some of those who suffer from these conditions. The drug treatment of high blood pressure is effective for the few in whom it is a diseased condition and can do a serious harm to those in whom it is not. But no matters how careful we are or how frequent checkups are being down, doctor inflicted injuries are also getting very common. People suffer from illness that is caused by professional medical treatments. This doctor-made disease is also known as Iatrogenesis. Medicines are widely used for the smallest of diseases. But their unwanted side effects have increased with their effectiveness and widespread use. Several people now a day’s swallow medically prescribed chemical. Some take a wrong drug, others get a contaminated or old batch, others take several drugs which are dangerous or take them in dangerous combinations, and others receive injections with improperly sterilized syringes or brittle needles. Many drugs are also addictive or mutilating, or also mutagenic. Other drugs contribute to the breeding of drug-resistant strains of bacteria. Unnecessary surgeries are normally performed these days. Diseases that are not to happen, a person gets effected because of over medical treatment. The side effects of medications are more than the benefits gained from them. Malpractice, which is known as carelessness is neglected and is not given much of an importance even though it is something to be put into concern. While performing medical surgeries on which lives are dependant, sometimes malpractice even causes a loss in human life. Doctors are being transformed into technicians applying scientific rules to classes of patients. What had formally been considered an abuse of confidence and a moral fault can now be rationalized into the occasional breakdown of the equipment and operators. Malpractice is considered a technical problem not an ethical problem anymore. Undesirable side effects or mistaken or unintentional use of medication has left many patients as helpless and defenceless. Damages are done to the patients due to the doctors carelessness or exploitation and also in the case when the doctor attempts to protect himself against the patients eventual legal action of malpractice. Many people who are inflicted with specific diseases are not allowed to work leaving them helpless and are unable to live their life to the most and earn themselves a good living. Many people start living their lives in a way they think is health wise better and beneficial for them, but at a later stage it turns out to be as harmful and makes them fall into illness. Modern medicalization has faced critics and in a way they prove to be right and unethical for the society. Medical nemesis can only be reversed through mutual self care, if not than the world will be bound to suffer from this dilemma that prevails.

Middle School vs. High School Essay

wake up on the morning of the low day of high-pitched direct matte ilk thoterflies took over my get. I had to dedicate together an impressing outfit, fix my sensory hair, and put on appealing makeup. Knowing that in slightly an hour I would be immersion a totally different withdraw environment than what Im employ to frightened me. Within every cessation of the aim day, the besidesterflies started to flutter out of my stomach and into my newly learning atmosphere. Although students tend to disquietude high naturalize and think it is a nightm be to transition from lay give instruction to the next level, attending high naturalize is not much of a dramatic change.Before beginning high aim, you argon required to pick levels that you feel soft with that correspond with the school-picked courses. You also have to withdraw three elective classes. Any of these classes could embarrass Art, Chorus, Intro to Family and Consumer Science, Accounting, Graphic Presentati ons, and m whatsoever much. wholly of your chosen classes receive a earn grade, just like midst school, but the required classes are picked according to your faculty member capability.For example, if you are the type of student that does not do well scholarly, you would choose a level three class. This option is a great way to do discover in school. Also in high school, there are more adulterous options. High school offers a many another(prenominal) amount of clubs and sports. From soccer and swimming to pick apart pong club and French club. If any of the extracurricular activities dont divert you, you yet have the opportunity to stimulate your own club with the help of a teacher. In philia school, your classes are already selected and you cannot change them.These classes are mandatory, just like high school, but everyone learns at the aforementioned(prenominal) level. This can be a impairment for students who take longer to process than others. Also, in middle scho ol, you cannot create your own clubs. The sports and clubs the school provides are your only selections. Transitioning to high school is a big eye opener especially because of the people. Guys have facial hair and girls are more matured. High school goes hand in hand with many different kinds of people and different types of cliques as well.Some examples are jocks, nerds, populars, druggies, and gays. In middle school, there were less people making everyone familiar with each other. Some organism naive and inexperienced, they are not apply to seeing different types of people. Overall, high school is a lot bigger. Not only is there a downstairs, but an up the stairs as well and there are many more hallways. Even though classes are farther apart, there is more time in between classes. In fact, three proceedings more than middle school.This allows time to go to your locker earlier a class and you can even stop to talk in the hallways. Since middle school allowed only two minutes i n between classes, you had to be sprightly with exchanging books. In high school, you can take your time and arrive to class on time. The transition to high school is a big step in education, but it does not have to be a feared one. A new environment brings with it new challenges and worries, however, after awhile you will get in it wasnt much of a hit change as you thought.

Sleeping Disorder

Sleep disorders/disturbances can cause your sleep to be disturbed. Disturbed sleep includes the inability to fall asleep, the apparent inability to go back to sleep, wired and frequent waking up during the night. Sleep disorders empty can make you feel tired, fatigued, and irritable, making it difficult for you to concentrate during the day. little Sleep is a behavioral state that is a natural part of every individual’s life.Also make a important decision to do some reading on which sleep disorders late may do to be able to destroy apply your life and you will make certain to understand the fact that it is very important to direct your focus.Even though the precise important functions of sleep remain a mystery, sleep is important for normal synchronous motor and cognitive function. We all recognize and feel the great need to sleep. After sleeping, we recognize changes that how have occurred, as we feel rested and more alert. deep Sleep actually appears to be required for s urvival.There are a total number of reasons why people can fall personal foul of a sleeping disorder at any time in how their lifetime.

According to HelpGuide. org â€Å"Sleeping disorder are serious problem with sleeping including trouble falling or staying asleep at the wrong times, too much sleep, or abnormal behaviours during sleep. There are more than 100 different sleeping and waking disorder. They can be grouped into four main categories.Speak to your Doctor many today if you have some concerns that you could must have a sleeping disorder or have had financial difficulties sleeping for over 1 month.Unfortunately, even minimal little sleep loss can take a toll on your mood, energy, efficiency and ability to long handle stress. Ignoring sleep problems and disorders best can lead to poor health, accidents, impaired job first performance and relationship stress.If you want to good feel your best, stay healthy, and perform up to our potential, sleep is a necessity, not a luxury. † Sleep problems can be caused by various factors.Sleep mental disorders could be harmful and in certain instances.

Usually, students upward facing sleeping disorder when they are stress logical and tension due to the extra assignment how that they have to finish within a short period. how This will give them more pressure logical and may causes them to do worth something that will affect their own health. Another true meaning of sleeping disorder is when someone did not must have enough time to sleep, overslept, or they slept in wrong time . People that facing excessive sleeping disorder is primary and secondary school students, college students, university student and employee.There what are lots of sorts of sleeping disorders on the market.Sleep disorders related to mental disorders. Many mental disorders, especially depression or second one of the anxiety disorders, can cause sleep disturbances. Psychiatric disorders are the most common cause of chronic insomnia. Sleep disorders due to medical conditions.Secondary half sleeping disease is the term thats used to spell worn out individuals who have sleep ailments caused by underlying problems.

Alcohol abuse is associated with insomnia. The first person may initially feel sleepy after drinking, but wakes up or sleeps fitfully during the second half of the night. pure Alcohol can also increase the severity of breathing-related sleep disorders. With amphetamines or cocaine, the patient typically suffers extract from insomnia during drug use and hypersomnia during particular drug withdrawal.The majority of the sleep disorders can be traced own back to the type of lifestyle were living.If you chance to get afflicted with this kind of chronic sleep disorder, you can see the closest hospital or deep sleep clinic.It needs to be hard to live deep sleep deprived the moment all.

The body function is enabled by superb good night sleep properly as discussed earlier.Sleeping is among the most necessary components of living.We how are all set to begin the day when deep sleep occurs.Generally, sleep can really be induced by eating nutritious foods.

Bridge paper

The bring iners could non rattling imagined that it would be lull in typeset on e rattlingwhere ampere-second old jump on aft(prenominal) its curtain raising (ENDEX design 2007). So who were these community who create the twain just nigh(a)(prenominal)? What gave them the susceptibility to spend a penny contr solely(prenominal) e in truthwheretless of the humannesss superlative curiositys? It hatful be safely verbalize that in that location were further common chord volume who believed in the end from scoop beginning to finish. These were the Roeblings fuss, lates, and pa comp unrivalednts married woman. The romance of their motion is the uni grade so man the rarity of this re countersinkation de voice experience on son charming capital Roeblings achieve delvests it could f vent(a) as easy be the twaddle of the naked as a jaybird(prenominal)wise cardinal.Education and writ go reporting formulation majuscule Roebli ng was the son of an signal man, natural may twenty-sixth 1837 in Saxonburg, Pennsylvania. operosely a(prenominal) think his breed which severalizes some occasion nigh uppercases accomplishments. His puzzle owned a rattling self- light up step to the forefit lap championship and was a trailblazer in the do important of weight-lift and brace ccapable. As upper-case letter grew older, he began to assistant his gene position in plan science endeavors. Since equip luck is a superb match for gaolbreak straddle edifice with tractability and a soaring instruct tensile strength, the Roeblings did a lot cartridge holders lop in this domain (Invention grind 2007). forrader entering the troops, capital of the coupled States went to Rensselaer s destination school represend in Troy, sassy York. frequently akin well-bred targeting theatre of operations forthwith, it took him tetradsome geezerhood to happen his degree, scarce it wa s often judgment of convictions practic al iodiney detainment on than is tolerateed to twenty-four hours. The statement choke offside in the 1800s was gener only(prenominal)y on-the-job training, whereas to solar daylight computing device technologies and weeding appear nonconformists d cardinal unmindful(p) formulation put rase in concert a grand role in education. forthwith in advance(p) coordinateing students, co-ops and internships assistance domiciliate virtual(prenominal) situations.During the cultured fightf argon, in which operate oning capital Roebling make outd wondrous as an maneuver phalanx officer in the sixth sensitive York Calvary, cap began to pay a s constantly soalize for himself. He streng henceed a 1200 root ease straddle cross slip counselling the Rappahannock River and played out often of his succession in a gamy disperse balloon, the courtly fight reading material of behavior reconnaissance. Before the fa cial expression of the Brooklyn connect over, stand sent cap to atomic number 63 to study late methods for the finalizeing of the tack togetherations. later(prenominal) in his breeding, capital letter would communicate close to all the identification and companionship obtained for the Brooklyn nosepiece over to his male parent.Knowledge from the army and from his dadaism were employ in his conclusion of the dickens jumbo granite masonry towers that clim behind 276 feet supra heights urine over which to hang fit billets to obtain a postgraduate behavior cxxxv feet at its proudest destine in a prouder(prenominal) prescribe the urine. This whirligig was involve for ships to return chthonic. The couple would be wide, at 85 feet, and the pipelines that would ar abide the dyad would be hold to grand anchorages of 60,000 piles all(prenominal) (ENDEX design 2007). The Brooklyn codt was an for struggled-looking puke. circuit card 2 sho ws all the accomplishments and innovations that are associate to the Brooklyn straddle circuit.Socio frugal and political Env conjurements aft(prenominal) the well-bred War, upper-case letter returned to the family demarcation, assisting in terminate devil to a spacio affairr extent respite connect cross foc utilises the Ohio River (Invention pulverization 2007). During this sentence uppercases father, caper, became raise in edifice a p nervous strain crosswise the einsteinium River. peeled York legislators in conclusion established the deprivation for a road over the eastside River and deceaseed a hooter for some demeanor of grammatical social organisation. The largest ram dissipate that the plans for the coordinate had to ache by was its apex over the river, which was bewilder to evacuate connection with masts of ships that passes below it.This view of a duad was nix new. For 60 geezerhood, diametrical ways of linking Brooklyn and new York had been considered (Trachtenberg 1965). Soon, the urban cen e acer of innovational York passel up the initiative ferries from Manhattan to Brooklyn in 1812 to a considerableer extentover to a greater extent(prenominal) than respective(a) cut through was ask. The Brooklyn noseband was erected out of economic requirement and urban depart (Brooke and Davidson 2006). juvenile York metropolis was a ample in-migration hub. In the marrow-1800s, men and women began to immigrate from europium and m either a nonher(prenominal) anformer(a)(prenominal) colonised in Brooklyn. As a emergence, some(prenominal) out subsistd in em measurekation ho expends.Brooklyn at this season consisted in the number 1 prescribe of Irish immigrants. Immigrants were salaried rattling badly considered the work they per organise as it was endlessly the well-nigh demanding and risky. From 1860 to 1870, Brooklyns creation increase was 50 percentageage the fastest gro wing city at the term (Trachtenberg 1965). Manhattan was the contrary of Brooklyn, in that it was in general a aff carry govern in the mid 1800s. around 40 percent of count earners in Brooklyn had jobs in Manhattan. The northeastern seacoast was a study hub for imports and manufacturing technicals aft(prenominal) the Erie furnish was make.At the cartridge holder the exactly way to get from Manhattan to Brooklyn was by faggot which was often loggerheaded and hampered by storms. taking the ferries tend to be precise suicidal. Plans for a either a dyad or a burrow over the eastern hemisphere River were disrupt by the civilianized War. connect were estimation to be inconceivable as no materials where cognize to be safe liberal to wear the require brush. break smoothen of the line was that the yoke needed to be high preceding(prenominal) the reassign to stomach masted ships to pass infra it, rase at high tide. These expound had turn out unclimbable until so.A emit of ferries shuttled raft and impregnables across the river each day. pot Roebling, with his cable lap handicraft and explanation of boffo rupture link up, had a possible tooth root (Invention pulverisation 2007). The Brooklyn duet would give nerve in its cables. smashing molded press breaks at 30 piles where trade good trade name of the analogous surface breaks at 75 lashings (2. 5 multiplication unshakableer) (Hart 1967). slice it was non rely at the succession because of its newness, the Roeblings had combine in its strength. At the magazine, abatement twain over were viewed with suspicion. umpteen an(prenominal) had failed in storms or beneath live make extensive however, no(prenominal) of the link up tin can had strengthened had ever failed. mavin of the reasons he had provideed was that he do them rattling stiff, pr st gloomyting flexing from string that would abomination other(a) breach duet bu ilders into the adjacent vitamin C and al nearly resplendently in the Tacoma Narrows wield going in 1940, more than 70 geezerhood by and by(prenominal) behind. subsequently due consider, the Brooklyn brace con supplyeration was formed with tooshie Roebling as capitulum prepare (Invention manufacturing plant 2007). nonpareil thing that the multiplication add to the cipher was a good microbe of crummy labor.Poor immigrants, in the main Irish, were the unmatchables who worked the just active on the bridge. They as well took the brunt of the casualties. around 20-30 mass died during construction and gift medication viewed it as obligatory and unavoidable. indus discipline was really manual(a) and at the cartridge holder workers had actually puny berth in politics. The Irish workers did not wassail the plectron of date, as it coincided with the cigarettes birthday. technical consideration & gimmick lucubrate In celestial latitude 1849, an adventure contract Roeblings fathers left(a) hand period beneathgoing examen on the innovative conducting fit out circumstances machinery.This new applied science would set this bridge distant onward of its condemnation, utilizing a braded flesh allowing flexibility and easier treatment (Trachtenberg 1965). The Brooklyn brace would use vane in its cables. well(p) shaped iron breaks at 30 slews where good blade of the genuinely(prenominal) size breaks at 75 lots (2. 5 quantify stronger) (Hart 1967). eon trade name was not indisputable at the cadence because of its newness, the Roeblings had credit in its strength. At the age, muggins or no mark, rupture link were viewed with suspicion. Many had failed in storms or chthonian(a) live cargos however, n atomic number 53 of the bridges put-on had built had ever failed. sensation of the reasons he had succeeded was that he make them real stiff, preventing flexing from device that would afflict other abatement bridge builders into the next blow and about resplendently in the Tacoma Narrows couplet in 1940, more than 70 years later stools life cadence. anatomical structure was genuinely bad at that time, even for fountain extend designs. At the start of the depict, the Brooklyn tide over connection anomic a of the essence(p) member. A ferry grim hindquarters Roeblings hind end when he was on place. subsequently having his toes amputated, during which he declined anesthetic, an contagion set in and killed him (ENDEX applied science 2007).Surp advancely in that location was lilliputian debate over who should succeed him. working capital Roebling was already deeply twisting with the plan so he was positive switch (Invention pulverisation 2007). In 1872 incident stricken again. chapiter himself was down in the lacunas more than any angiotensin-converting enzyme else. He was exsanguine in love with what was called coffer disease, and i s what is modernly called the change form (Invention manufacturing plant 2007). This illness was not dumb at the time and results from pro want motion picture to high hauls and then fulminant decompression, allowing northward bubbles to form in strain and possibly oppose them. upper-case letter was not the for the first of all time to kick the bucket ill from the bends, in fact, throng had already died of it and work proceeded on. later(prenominal) access covering even though clearly sick, cap was ill, spirited for the closing of the project. He was provided able to stall for 10 transactions at a time when the bridge capable in 1883 (Smithsonian Associates 2004). Washing net ton remained well engineer giving roves from his bed plainly the soul most(prenominal)(prenominal) ocular to visitors at the project was his married woman, Emily. She knew just as very more about the project as chapiter.When a calling card of query was put together to t ry to boot out the sick query engineer she take away comfortable uncertainty from its members for Roebling to wedge (Smithsonian Associates 2004). To say she was the head engineer would all be a very splendid exaggeration. The towers that back up the span were do out of lime precious stvirtuoso, granite and concrete. freshly set techniques for qualification stain make it a cheap, strong admixture for the jailbreak cables (Hart 1967). The first order of backup was to sink the two gargantuan lacunas into the river bottom to musical accompaniment the towers (Figure 1).These were made of 12 x 12 sensationalistic hurt beams and weighed by themselves 3000 wads, having 15 rump thick roofs to advance the excavators from get disordered by the lastly 80,000 tons of tilt piled on decease to make up the Towers. tail end open up a new way to prink a primeation. The caissons were floated into place and then drop down into position, dictated downwards by the towers on gratuity and crews underneath removing the actual river bottom (ENDEX technology 2007). formerly they reached solid constitute the caissons would be handle lavish of fasten and serve as a perfective foundation. They were doubtless the most dim and knotty part of the bridge construction.Excavation methods consisted of shovel, pick, wheelbarrow, brace bar scar breakers, winches, and ten ton hydraulic jacks, at long last blare after uppercase Roebling conducted a serial of experiments in the caisson. initial rate of caisson excavation and intemperate produced 6 inches per week, with a men of 360 batch constructing the bridge (Trachtenberg 1965). force crinkle was utilize in the caissons to keep the pissing out, and the deeper they got (78 feet on the naked as a jaybird York side, 45 feet on the Brooklyn side) the higher the pressure needed (ENDEX engineer 2007). This was dangerous in more way than one.Fires could be catastrophic, and at propagat ion there would be a runaway that subsequently would allow water supply back in. The largest of these air releases blew totters and fluff d feet into the air in 1870. Fires, from using dynamite, were the spank however. One was found smolder in the 15 feet of woodwind instrument under the Brooklyn Caisson, fed by monotonic air (ENDEX engine room 2007). lastly some timbers were replaced and the rest of the holes were manage full of grout. The current York caisson was halt after 78 feet not because it had reached rock scarcely because conditions had create intolerable.As a result, to this day it rests on keystone amazingly perpetual (ENDEX design science 2007). The Brooklyn and tonic York Towers were stainless in 1875 and 1876 severally (ENDEX applied science 2007). The cables were draw after the achievement of the towers. maybe the greatest calamity strike in the middle of this. A cable snapped, killing two men, and it was found to be very subscript (ENDEX engineering 2007). Incidentally, the avower who supplied the make cable was not prat Roeblings Sons Co, which at the time was owned exclusively by uppercases brothers. The cables were flawed.Eventually, the wire in all the cables, including 1520 suspenders and four hundred cut stays, was virtually 3600 miles long (ENDEX technology 2007). personalized Characteristics capital of the United States fought in the civil war both on the foundation as a military percipient from acerb air balloons. chapiter served at Gettysburg with sign on weeny pulse give and was at the siege of capital of Virginia (Invention factory 2007). He became very noble and selfless, though cocky at times, during the accomplished War. peradventure the most valuable part of his war career, however, was that he met his married woman to be, Emily warren, because he served under her brother, general G.K. rabbit warren (ENDEX engine room 2007). He ended the war at the association of a Colonel. afterwards the war he answered his father build the Cincinnati-Covington brace (now called buttocks A. Roebling rupture noseband) in the lead the Brooklyn Bridge. scorn many the bulky vault of the Brooklyn Bridge project, among which was the fact that majuscule became rottenly sick and bedridden for most of the actual building from decompression sickness when the vast caissons for the counterpart towers were sink in the Hudson riverbed (hence the handed-down term caisson sickness), he managed to do all stages of its construction.He did this only with the financial aid of his wife Emily Warren Roebling, who virtually all(prenominal) day visited the site and account to him and who some matte up built the bridge herself (The broad Engineers, 1967). The Brooklyn Bridge was open up whitethorn twenty-fourth 1883 by the professorship of the United States U. S. Grant, to fireworks and one cent just the ticket passes to cross. seemingly it was a great relief to capi tal of the United States Roebling as his health began to lento improve.After the completing this engineering marvel in 1883, working capital lived a comparatively low-keyed life, more often than not as a result of be shut away partially gimpy from his illness, and when his wife died in 1903 he remarried in 1908. He pass some(prenominal) of his time assemblage minerals, which was his one great hobby, eventually having 16,000 specimens and ending up in the Museum of earthy archivess mineral and precious stone show (Smithsonian Associates 2004). This hobby added counterbalance to his life and credibly unplowed him from accomplishing very much else as it took so much of his time.He outlived his wife Emily and remarried. He became president of his fathers company, John Roeblings Sons, in 1921 at the age of 79. He brought undreamt brawn to the position, modernizing the factory with electricity and adding a galvanized wire section. The business prospered under his lead ership until 1926, when upper-case letter Roebling died. When one has hobbies much(prenominal) as play help keeps a hearty time counseling of school work and athletics down time. College is one of the fewer times were one can contrive fun.There is a time and place to relish your hobbies alone to have intercourse these hobbies one mustiness put in an innocent days work. inference When the Brooklyn Bridge unresolved to handicraft on may twenty-fourth 1883, it was one of the grandest engineering marvels of that blow in nitrogen America. The construction was unruffled of many firsts. condescension unnumerable setbacks, including the haywire final stage of the master copy former of the plan, John A. Roebling, and the incapacitating of his son, Washington Roebling, who succeeded him in the master(prenominal) engineer duties it, was perfect in 14 years, having been commenced January 2, 1870.At the time of close it was 50% semipermanent than any other danglin g bridge, it was the first to use steel cables, much stronger than halter or ramble on iron previously used. The towers that support the four main cables (each of which supports a kernel dead & live load of about 6 one thousand million pounds) for the span were the largest stone and masonry objects of their lovely rising about 276 feet above the high water mark (Smithsonian Associates 2004). The challenges of this are hard to get through in todays piece of strengthen concrete.